chapter 11 health

complete injury

there is no function below the level of the injury—no sensation and no voluntary movement

incomplete injury

there is some functioning below the primary level of the injury. There are major changes from spinal cord injury (depending on severity) to manage—loss of bladder, bowel, and sexual function are compounded by psychological outcomes such as feelings of bewilderment, disbelief, anger, fear, hope, and despair

Autoerotic behavior was the most common sexual behavior for those with mild intellectual disabilities.

true

Causes of dementia include stroke, Parkinson disease, head trauma, brain tumor, infectious disease (HIV and syphilis), and long-term alcohol abuse

true

Crystal methamphetamine is a stimulant that decreases inhibitions, enhances libido, and heightens perceptions of sexual intensity.

true

Ecstasy has both stimulant and psychedelic effects that can result in increased energy; enhanced sense of pleasure and self-confidence; and feelings of peacefulness, acceptance, and closeness with others.

true

Following a traumatic brain injury, a person may have a reduced sex drive.

true

For men with spinal cord injury who are able to achieve erection, intercourse may take place with the partner sitting down on the erect penis. If erection is not achieved, some couples use the stuffing technique, in which partners push the soft penis into the woman's vagina, which she then contracts to hold the penis inside her. For some men with spinal cord injury, Viagra or an inflatable penile prosthesis implant can be helpful in achieving erection.

true

Health condition that involves functional deficits in performing activities of daily living

true

Hormone replacement therapy can be helpful for some women with surgical menopause.

true

In a study of the sexuality of 80 men and 80 women who had type 2 diabetes, 65% of the men reported male sexual dysfunction (erectile dysfunction) while 68% of the women reported female sexual dysfunction, such as lack of sexual desire and orgasmic dysfunction.

true

In women, alcoholism can intefere with ovulation and menstruation.

true

It is common for people with dementia to engage in uninvited touching.

true

Most have type 2 diabetes associated with obesity in later life.

true

People who are chronically ill often develop a negative body image.

true

Radiation can impact a woman's fertility.

true

Some people may search online for a diagnosis because they are anxious about discussing sexual terms with their doctor.

true

Some people use alcohol to tolerate sexual relations.

true

Symptoms of sexual dysfunction increase over time for people with MS.

true

The American Heart Association issued new guidelines on sexual activity for individuals with cardiovascular disease and their partners (Steinke et al., 2013). Hugging, holding, physical intimacy focused on enjoying arousal is safe, but use of medications such as Viagra should occur only if recommended by a physician.

true

The disabled are sometimes assumed to be asexual—to have no interest in sexual expression with a partner (Lund & Johnson, 2015). This misconception contributes to the fact that physicians and health-care professionals generally ignore the sexuality of the ill or disabled.

true

These symptoms checkers often include not just a first diagnosis but also a list of 20 other possible diagnoses—the correct diagnosis appeared in the top 20 list only 58% of the time (Semigran et al., 2015).

true

Treatment for prostate cancer may involve surgical removal of the prostate (a procedure known as a radical prostatectomy) and/or surgical removal of the testicles (known as an orchiectomy). Removal of both testicles stops the production of the hormone testosterone that nourishes the cancer. These surgical procedures result in infertility. Other sexual effects of these surgeries include erection problems; low sexual desire; and lack of orgasm, dry orgasm, and weaker orgasm.

true

Use of drugs and sex has been referred to as chemsex and thought to be a public health problem in that it may lead to HIV, STIs, etc.

true

When pain interferes with intercourse, people can try to reframe satisfaction as a whole body experience.

true

Women make and break virginity pledges more than men

true

peer support, masturbation, use of the internet to meet new partners, and communication were important in regaining their sexuality.

true

the "hookup culture" (casual sex) is now the predominant sexual value

true

Symptoms of MS

which vary from person to person, may include lack of muscle coordination; weakness and fatigue; tremors; spasms; stiffness; slurred speech; impaired genital sensation; pain (stabbing pain in the face or down the spine; burning, aching, cramping, or pins-and-needles sensation); numbness in the face, body, or extremities; and cognitive impairment

Stoma

Protruding portion of the large or small intestine (bowel) or urinary system that is rerouted and brought to the skin surface of the abdomen during ostomy surgery (also called ostomy)

Double mastectomy

Removal of both breasts

Breast-conserving therapy

Removal of the cancerous lump rather than the whole breast (also called lumpectomy)

Surgical menopause

Sudden decrease in estrogen resulting from removal of the ovaries that can lead to decreased desire, vaginal dryness, and dyspareunia

Comprehensive sex education is mandated in the UK from the primary grades through high school.

true

Dementia

Brain disorder involving multiple cognitive deficits, including memory impairment and at least one of the following: aphasia; agnosia; apraxia; or loss of ability to think abstractly and to plan, initiate, sequence, monitor, and stop complex behavior

Diabetes mellitus

Chronic disease in which the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin, which is necessary for metabolizing carbohydrates and fats

Traumatic brain injury

Closed head injury that results from an exterior force and creates a temporary or enduring impairment in brain functioning

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPID)

Collective term for diseases that affect the flow of air into the body, such as asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema (Individuals with COPD often experience fatigue due to decreased oxygen intake and the effort involved in breathing.)

Intellectual disability

Condition that involves subaverage intellectual functioning and deficits in adaptive behavior (also referred to as mental retardation)

Cerebral palsy

Condition, often caused by brain damage that occurs before or during birth or in infancy, resulting in muscular impairment and sometimes speech and learning disabilities

Ecstasy

Drug with both stimulant and psychedelic effects that can result in increased energy; enhanced sense of pleasure and self-confidence; and feelings of peacefulness, acceptance, and closeness with others; also known as MDMA, X, Molly, or E (use is also associated with dangerous risks, such as heart failure)

Endometriosis

Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, in the fallopian tubes or abdominal cavity, which may cause pain

Disability

Health condition that involves functional deficits in performing activities of daily living

Aphasia

Impaired communicative ability

Agnosia

Loss of auditory, sensory, or visual comprehension

Ostomy surgery

Surgery whereby a portion of the large or small intestine or urinary system is rerouted and brought to the skin surface of the abdomen, where the contents are collected in a bag (Cancers of the colon, rectum, bladder, cervix, or ovaries are typical causes of ostomy surgery.)

Penectomy

Surgical removal of part or all of the penis

Oophorectomy

Surgical removal of the ovaries

Radical prostatectomy

Surgical removal of the prostate

Orchiectomy

Surgical removal of the testicles

Schizophrenia

Mental disorder characterized by social withdrawal and disturbances in thought, motor behavior, and interpersonal functioning

Mental disorders

Mental states characterized by mild to severe disturbances in thinking, mood, or behavior associated with distress or impaired functioning (sometimes called mental illness)

Hysterectomy

Surgical removal of the uterus

Quadriplegia

Paralysis from the neck down

Paraplegia

Paralysis of the lower half of the body

Alzheimer's disease

Progressive and degenerative brain disease progressing from mild memory loss, through significant cognitive impairment, to very serious confusion and the loss of ability to manage activities of daily living, such as dressing, eating, and bathing

Multiple sclerosis

Progressive disease that attacks the central nervous system

Substance abuse

The overuse or overdependence on drugs or chemicals that results in a failure to fulfill obligations at work, school, or home, the effects of which include danger (such as driving while impaired), recurrent substance-related legal problems, and continued substance use despite its negative effect on social or interpersonal relationships (also called substance dependence)

Medical model (view of intellectual disability)

Views the intellectually disabled individual as coping with a personal tragedy—which implies adjusting to limited functioning; views their sexual needs as nonexistent (also called the biological model)

Social model (view of intellectual disability)

Views the intellectually disabled individual as the product of specific social definitions that involve oppression and discrimination

stuffing technique

in which partners push the soft penis into the woman's vagina, which she then contracts to hold the penis inside her

Apraxia

inability to perform coordinated movements

Use of alcohol and other drugs is associated with

having unprotected sex

Believing that a good sexual relationship is something you need to work at is negatively associated with sexual quality.

false

Caretakers of the physically disabled are often seen as unnecessary.

false

Crystal methamphetamine is used to lessen one's sex drive.

false

Ecstasy has both stimulant and depressant effects.

false

In a high school, if there are more females than males, males are less likely to be romantic or to commit to one partner.

false

for people with cardiovascular disease, intimacy focused on enjoying sexual arousal should be done only with a doctor's permission.

false

Mastectomy

surgical removal of one breast