Chapter 11

Frederick Douglass, abolitionist, 4th of july

. [Introduction: Frederick Douglass] __________ __________- figure in crusade for abolition, A. Slave childhood- born 1818, son of slave women and white man -Maryland, Chesapeake Bay "freedom's-swift winged" -learned to read and write, violation of Maryland law, "understood knowledge... pathway from slavery to freedom" -1838, borrowed free papers of a black sailor, escaped to North -became influential African-American of 19th c. and nation's preeminent advocate of racial equality. B. Leader of ___________ movement, publishing his autobiography that condemned slavery and racism -active in reform movement, campaign for women's right -argued "their desire of freedom, the slaves were truer to the nation's underlying principles than the white Americans who annually celebrated the ____ __ _______while allowing the continued existence of slavery"

Cotton,British, USA, southern, half

A. Cotton Is King 1. __________ replaced sugar as the world's major crop produced by slave labor in the nineteenth century. -slavery survived in Brazil, Spanish, French Caribbean, abolished in the ________ empire 1833, ________ center of New World slavery >IR centered factories using cotton (raw material) manufacture cloth, most important commodity in international trade 2. Cotton industry a. Three-fourths of the world's cotton supply came from the ________ United States. Textiles manufacturers places as far as Mass, Lancashire in Great Britain, Normandy France, suburbs of Moscow depended on supply of US cotton b. Cotton supplied textile mills in the North and in Great Britain. c. As early as 1803, cotton represented America's most important export. -cotton sale earned money from abroad allowed the US to pay for imported manufactured good. Eve before Civil War cotton was _____ American exports 1860, economic investment represented by slave population exceeded value of a nation's factories, railroads, and banks combined

sabotage, poor, tools, food, North star, impossible, underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman

A. Forms of Resistance >widespread expression of hostility to slavery "day-today resistance" or "silent __________"- doing ______ work: ---> 1. The most common form of resistance was silent sabotage-the breaking of _______, feigning illness, doing poor work, abusing animals, disrupting plantation routine theft of ______, common form of resistance, that one southern physician disguised as heredity disease unique to blacks 2. Less common but more serious forms of resistance included poisoning the master, arson, and armed assaults. 3. The slaves who ran away were more threatening to the stability of the slave system. -formidable obstacle confronted the prospective fugitive, patrol lookout for runaway slaves >slaves had little understanding of geography, just followed the ______ ______ >No one knows how many slaves succeeded in reaching North or Canada 4. Of the estimated 1,000 slaves a year to escape, most escaped from the Upper South. like Frederick Douglass (Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, border free states Frederick Douglass escaped age 20, typical of fugitive young men >slave women not willing to leave children behind, took them along, making escape journey nearly _________, a. In the Deep South, fugitive slaves often escaped to the southern cities, to blend in with the free black population. (Like New Orleans, Charleston) others areas like Great Dismal Swamp of Virginia or Florida Everglades, where Seminole Indians offered refuge before they were forced to move west >Tennessee's, newspaper advertisements runaways finds 40% thought to remain in local neighborhoods, 30% headed to locations in South, only 25% tried to reach North 5. The ____________ _________ was a loose organization of abolitionists who helped slaves to escape. hid them in their homes and sent them to "next" station -few courageous individuals foray into South to liberate slaves: best known a. ___________ ______________ (born Maryland 1820, escaped Philadelphia 1849) was an escaped slave who made twenty trips to Maryland, leading slaves to freedom.

natural, master, lifetime, female, sale

A. The Slave Family -center of slave community, family >sugar plantations in West Indies, males exceeded females, workers lived in barrack type buildings, settled families nearly impossible >US slave population grew ________ increase, even male and female ration, creation of family more possible 1. Despite the threat of sale and the fact that marriage between slaves was illegal, many slaves did marry and create families. -______ consent before men and women could "jump over the broomstick" (marriage ceremony) and constant danger of being broken up by sale >those not disrupted by sales, lasted ________ a. Slaves frequently named children after other family members to retain family continuity. (aunts, uncles, grandparents, etc) b. The slave community had a significantly higher number of _______ headed households as compared to the white community. -most slaves lived in 2 parent families, which in case of _______, there is more families which grandparents, relatives, non-kin assumed responsibility of raising child

American, less

B. Conditions of Slave Life 1. _________ slaves as compared to their counterparts in the West Indies and in Brazil enjoyed better diets, lower infant mortality, and longer life expectancy. -factors contribute to improving material conditions: outside area for malaria, yellow fever, typhoid fever flourish, owners more concerned with health and living conditions of slaves a. Reasons for the above include the paternalistic ethos of the South, the lack of malaria and yellow fever in the South, and the high costs of slaves. -US slaves _______ freedom, Brazil not uncommon for owner to free slaves as form of celebrating or allow them to purchase their freedom, south more state limits on voluntary manumission, required acts be approved by legislature.

board, banning, Creole

B. The Amistad -few instances, larger groups of slaves collectively seized their freedom 1. In 1839, a group of slaves (53 people) collectively seized their freedom while on ________ the Amistad, transport ship from Cuba to another port, tried to force navigator to steer it to Africa -Amistad wended its way up Atlantic coast until American vessel seized it off coast of Long Island >President Martin Van Buren favored returning slaves to Cuba, but abolitionist brought their case to Supreme Court where John Quincy Adams argued that since they were brought from Africa, violated international treaties ________ slave trade, captives should be freed, Court accepted Adam's reasoning and most captives made way back to Africa 2. The U.S. Supreme Court accepted John Quincy Adams's argument that the slaves had been illegally seized in Africa and should be freed. Amistad case had no legal bearing on slaves in US, but inspired uprising in 1841, when 135 slaves transported by sea from Norfolk, Virginia to New Orleans seized control of ________ and sailed for Nassau British Bahamas, leader Madison Washington, to dismay of Tyler administration British gave refuge to Creole slaves

two million, auctions,

B. The Second Middle Passage -1808 , massive trade of slaves in USA. More than ___ ___________ slaves were sold between 1820 and 1860. 1. Although the African slave trade was prohibited, the sale and trade of slaves within the United States flourished. 2. The main business districts of southern cities contained the offices of slave traders, and _________ took place at public slave markets. -auctions of slaves in public slave markets (New Orleans) or courthouses. Newspapers carried Ads for slave sales, southern bank financed slave trade, southern ships, railroad carried slaves, southern states and municipalities earned revenue by taxing sale of slaves

Cotton Kingdom, family

B. The Threat of Sale >domestic slave trade expanded with raise of _________ _______, one slave marriage in three were broken by sale (states: Virginia, etc). Children separated from parents by sale. 1. Slave traders paid little attention to preserving ________ ties. Public notice "Sale of Slaves and Stock" announced at 1852 action belong to deceased Georgia planter, Listed 36 individuals from infant to 69 year old women, people sold in lots or separately, sales were human tragedy

status, purchase, running, no voice, prohibited, communities, cities,

C. Free Blacks in the Old South -slavery helped define _________ of blacks who enjoyed freedom 1. By 1860, there were nearly half a million free blacks in the United States and most of them lived in the South. -most descendants of slaves freed by south owners in the aftermath of Rev. or by gradual emancipation laws of northern states. Their numbers were supplemented by slaves voluntarily liberated by their masters, they allowed to _________ their freedom or succeeded in __________ away >free blacks in south legally own property, marry, could not be bought or sold 2. Free blacks were not all that free. -free ___ ________ in selecting public officials a. Free blacks were allowed by law to own property and marry and could not be bought or sold. b. Free blacks could not testify in court or serve on a jury. Carry certificate of freedom -poor free blacks who required public assistance could be bound to labor along slaves >1850 most southern states ___________ free blacks from entering territory, few states moved to expel them, offering choice of enslavement or departure >New Orleans and Charleston, prosperous free black _________ developed, composed of mixed-race descendants of union between white men and slave women many free blacks in ______ acquired education, worked as skilled craftsmen (tailors, carpenters, mechanics), established churches for communities and schools for children 3. The majority of free blacks who lived in the Lower South resided in cities like New Orleans and Charleston, whereas those living in the Upper South generally lived in rural areas, working for wages as farm laborers. Willis A. Hodges, helped runaways slaves reach north, free blacks and slaves were "one man of sorrow"

slave, economic, men, women, garden

C. Gender Roles among Slaves gender roles under slavery different from larger society >slave men and women equality of powerlessness 19th c. "cult of domesticity" defined the home of woman's proper sphere, did not apply to _______ women, who worked field. >slave men couldn't act as _________ provider for their families, not protect their wives from physical or sexual abuse by owners or overseer 1. Traditional gender roles were not followed in the fields; but during their own time, slaves did fall into traditional gender roles. >slaves worked "on their own time" but more conventional gender roles prevailed. >Slave ______: chopped wood, hunted, fished >slave _________: responsibly for care of children some planters allowed their slaves small plots of land on which they can grow food to supplement the rations provided by owners, women took charge of these "________ plots"

marching, Denmark Vesey, Bible condemned slavery, hypocrisy,

C. Slave Revolts >slave rebellions, 4 large conspicuous happened in American history within a space of 31 years in early 19 c. >Virginia slave Gabriel in 1800 1. The year 1811 witnessed an uprising on sugar plantations in Louisiana, which saw slaves _________ toward New Orleans before the militia captured them. >200 to 500 men and women armed with sugar cane knives, axes, clubs, some guns marched towards city, destroying property, white population fled to New Orleans. 2 days later militia and troops dispersed them, killing 66. 2. In 1822, Denmark Vesey was charged with conspiracy in South Carolina. -slave carpenter, ___________ ___________ purchased his freedom after winning the lottery. His conspiracy reflected combination of american and African influence, "studied the bible and tried to prove from it that slavery and bondage was against the Bible" "quoted Dec of Indep and newspaper reports from Congress" -all men had equal rights, blacks as well as whites "read of successful slave revolts in Haiti" a. Vesey was a religious man who believed the ______ _______________ ________and who saw the __________ of the Declaration of Independence. Lieutenant Gullah Jack, religious conjurer from Angola, claimed to protect to the rebels against injury and death, the ----> b. The conspiracy was uncovered before Vesey could act. >Vesey plot is contradictory and dispute, much come from a series of trials in which court operated in secret and failed to allow accused to confront those who testified against them

North, blacks, slave, cotton plantations

C. Slavery and the Nation 1. The ________ was not immune to slavery. a. Slavery shaped the lives of all Americans. -determined where ________ lived, how they worked, under what conditions they can exercise their freedoms of speech, assembly, press b. Northern merchants and manufacturers participated in the ________ economy and shared in its profits. -money earned in cotton trade help finance industrial development and international improvements in North. -Northern ships carried cotton to NY, Europe, northern bankers financed ________ ____________, northern companies insured slave property and factories turned cotton into cloth. NYC rise to commercial prominence depended as much on establishment of shipping lines that gathered south's cotton and transported it to Europe as Erie Canal

Nat, uprising, last, emancipation, slavery, preachers, criminal,

D. Nat Turner's Rebellion _______, best known slave rebels, slave preacher and religious mystic in Southampton County, Virginia, believe that God chosen him to lead black __________ >traveled and conducted religious services, told seeing black and white angels fighting in the sky and heaven running red with blood >July 4, 1831, for his rebellion, but fell ill, August 22, him and his followers matched farm to farm and assaulted white people 1. In 1831, Nat Turner and his followers marched through Virginia, attacking white farm families. a. Eighty slaves had joined Turner and sixty whites had been killed (mostly women and children) before the militia put down the rebellion. b. Turner was captured and executed. >him and his 70 rebels condemned to die, last words "Was not Christ Crucified?" >Turner's rebellion shocked entire South "A Nat Turner might be in any family", in panic of revolt hundreds of innocent slaves whipped and executed 2. Turner's was the ________ large-scale rebellion in the South. 3. The Virginia legislature debated plans for gradual ______________ of the state's slaves, but voted not to take that step. >proposal to commit state to gradual emancipation and removal of black population from state failed to win leg approval, overwhelming supported in western Virginia where slaves represented less than 10% of population, failed win votes in eastern counties (slavery was centered) >instead Virginia leg 1832 decided to fasten tightly the chains of bondage a. Instead, Virginia tightened its grip on _________ through new laws further limiting slaves' rights. >prohibited free or slaves from acting as ___________ (impossible to enforce), strengthen militia, patrol systems, banning free blacks from owning firearms, prohibited teaching slaves to read, etc 4. 1831 marked a turning point for the Old South as white southerners closed ranks and defended slavery more strongly than ever. -1831, Parliament launched program for abolishing slavery throughout British empire (completed 1838) underscored South's growing isolation form western world. >Turner's rebellion, followed few months after appearance of Boston of William Lloyd Garrison's abolitionist journal "the liberator", suggested American slavery faced enemies both within and outside South. >pro slavery permeated southern intellectual and political life, some states made abolitionists society a ___________ offense >Southern "great reaction" produced one of mose through outgoing impressions of freedom of speech in American History. Reforms movements aroused in North and condemned slavery as contrary to Christianity and to basic American values and national debate over peculiar institution intensified, southern society closed dense of slavery

labor, jobs, daily, field, overseer

D. Slave Labor >slavery... a system of ________ "from sunup to first dark", interruptions for meals, work most of slaves time -large plantations diversified communities, slaves performed all kinds of _____ 125 slaves on 1 plantations included cultures, two waitresses, nurse, dairymaid, gardener, ten carpenters, etc >other plantation counted among slaves engineers, blacksmith, weaver, domestic workers, cooks, couchmen 1. Labor occupied most of a slave's ______ existence. 2. There were many types of jobs a slave might perform. 75% of women and 90% men worked in ______. Precise organization of their labors varied to crop and size of holding. 3. Many slaves working in the fields also labored in large gangs. >small farms: owners toiled side by side with his slaves >large concentration of slaves" lived and worked on plantation in Cotton Belt, where men, women, and children labored in gangs under ________ and maybe a slave "driver" to assist him, overseers reputation for meting out brutal treatment 4. On large plantations, they worked in gangs under the direction of the overseer, a man who was generally considered cruel by the slaves. 150,000 slaves worked sugar fields of southern Louisiana (large gangs) conditions harsher than south, late fall required around clock labor to cut and process sugar cane before spoiled -Rice plantations of SC and georgia, system of task labor, slaves given daily tasks and allowed to set own pace of work (white did want to get malaria), after completing task spent day hunting, fishing, garden crops

Great Awakening, great camp meeting, black, respectful, biracial, social control, hope and solace, oppressed

D. Slave Religion 1. Black Christianity was distinctive and offered solace to the slaves against hardships >some blacks took part in ________ ________, swept into South's Baptist and Methodist in late 18th and 19th c. >One black preacher recalled a _____ ______ _______, drew thousands of worshipers to Cane Ridge Kentucky 1801, no distinctions were made "as to age, sex, color, or anything temporary nature; old and young, male and female, black and white, had equal privileges to minister the light which they received, in whatever way the Spirit directed >though law prohibited blacks gathering without white person, ----> a. Almost every plantation had its own ______ preacher. "self-called" slave who had little to no education, but abilities and familiarity with Bible made him most __________ member of slave community >southern cities worshiped in _____________ congregations b. Slaves worshiped in biracial churches with white ministers, required to sit in back pews or balcony -urban free blacks c. Free blacks established their own churches. sometimes attended by slaves 2. Masters viewed Christianity as another means of _________ _________ and required slaves to attend services conducted by white ministers. (preached theft was immoral and Bible requires servants to obey their masters) >in their own religious gatherings, slaves transformed Christianity they embraced, turning it to own purposes. 3. Many biblical stories offered ________ and ________ to slaves. >story: Exodus, God chose Moses to lead enslaved Jews of Egypt into promised land of freedom, played central role in black Christianity. Salve identified themselves as chosen people whom God who deliver from bondage. >figure of Jesus Christ representative to slaves a personal redeemer, who truly cared for ________. In slave eyes, Christian message of brotherhood and equality of all souls before the Creator offered irrefutable indictment of the institution of slavery

diversified, few, cotton, deep, New Orleans, slaves, 10

D. The Southern Economy -no single south before Civil War. Eight slave states of Upper South, slaves and owners made up smaller percentage of total population than 7 Deep South states (stretched SC to west of Texas) -Upper South had majority centers of industry in Baltimore, Richmond, St. Louis, its economies were more _____________ those in Deep South, which dependent on cotton. 1. Southern economic growth was different from northern. a. There were ______ large cities in the South. b. The cities were mainly centers for gathering and shipping ___________. -secession crisis of 1860-61, ________ south states first to leave Union -south, limited growth of industry, discouraged immigrants from entering, and inhabiting technological progress. 2. _____ _________was the only city of significant size in the South.(no urban growth like North) -Orleans, 6th largest, 168,000 people in 1860, gathering point for cotton grown long Miss River and sugar plantations of southeastern Louisiana, world's leading exporter of ________ 3. The region (south) produced less than ____% of the nation's manufactured goods. Northerners viewed slavery as obstacle to American economic progress. New Orleans showed slavery and economics hand and hand -southern economy hardly stagnant, slavery profitable for most owners , profit of every obstacle for abolishment. -Senator James Henry Hammond of South Carolina "declared power on earth dares to make war upon it. Cotton is king."

slavery, unsuited, manufacturing goods, farms, slavocracy, slavery

E. Plain Folk of the Old South -South economy, __________, powerfully shaped race relations, politics, religion, and law 1. Three-fourths of white southerners did not own slaves. >most southern farmers lived outside plantation belt in hilly areas __________ for cotton production -raised livestock, grew food for own use, purchased from local stores -Unlike northern farmers, they didn't provide market for ____________ _________, one reason that South did not develop industrial base 2. Most white southerners lived on self-sufficient _______. >poor whites resent power and privileges of great planters 3. Most whites supported slavery. a. A few, like Andrew Johnson and Joseph Brown, spoke out against the "___________." >but poor white made peace with planters who had hands in economic and social power was concentrated. Racism, kinship, common participation in demo political culture, regional loyalty created bonds between planters and Southern plain folk. b. Most white southerners supported the planter elite and slavery because of shared bonds of regional loyalty, racism, and kinship ties. -small farmers believed their economic and personal freedom rested on ________, not till Civil War class tensions along white threaten planter's domination

domestics, hire own time,

E. Slavery in the Cities -businessmen, merchants, lawyers, civil servants owned slaves, by 1860 200,000 worked in industry (ironworks and tobacco factories of Upper SOuth), southern cities employed as unskilled laborers and skilled artisans 1. Most city slaves were servants, cooks, and other __________. -owners allowed craft skills to "_____ ______ _____" meant could make arrangements with individually employers, most of wage went to slave owner -many urban slaves lived on their own 2. Some city slaves were skilled artisans and occasionally lived on their own. slave owners became convinced growing independence of skilled urban slaves "exerts injurious influence upon the relations of master and servant." many owners 1850s sold city slaves to countryside and sought replacements among skilled white labor

injustice, freedom, folklore, weak, info

E. The Desire for Liberty 1. Slave culture rested on a sense of the ________ of bondage and the desire for _________. slaves sang "I am bound for the land of Canaan" meant not relief from worldly woes in afterlife, but also escape to North or witness breaking of slavery's chain >fugitive who reached North recalled "desire for freedom was a constant theme of conversation in slave quarters" >slaves understood impossibility of directly confronting entrenched systems, their folk tales Brer Rabbit -----> (outsmarted strong) religious songs. spirituals spoke of lives of sorrow while holding hope for ultimate liberation 2. Slave ________ glorified the ______ over the strong, and their spirituals emphasized eventual liberation. owners attempted make slaves not learn about larger world, but slaves created neighborhood transmitted ______ b/ween plantations. Skilled craftsmen, preachers, pilots on ships, etc spread news of local and national events. James Henry Hammond was "astonished and shocked" to find his slaves understood political views of presidential candidates of 1844 >Henry and James K. Polk knew what "most of what the abolitionists are doing" >rural slaves bounded by local communities and kin, nor indifferent to current thoughts unleashed by American Rev. or language of freedom in society around them >Joseph Taper, Virginia slave who escaped Canada 1840 "I am in a land of liberty. here man is as God he should be"

maintaining, force, whipped, division, rewarded, sale

F. Maintaining Order >slave owners employed various means in their attempt to maintain order and discipline among their human property and persuade them to labor productivity 1. The system of _____________ order rested on _______. >most master's discretion in inflicting punishment, rare was the slave to not be _____________ >One Georgia planter recorded that he whipped slave for not being over milk for my coffee >subtler means of control supplemented violence, owners encouraged and exploited ___________ among slaves, especially between field hands and house servants -they created system of incentives that ___________ good work (time off/ money) 2. There were many tools a master had to maintain order, including whipping, exploiting divisions among slaves, incentives, and the threat of ________ (most powerful weapon, separates slaves from family and from communities).

planter, 5, Ownership, planters, enterprises, mistresses

F. The Planter Class -__________, not typically, but his values and aspirations dominated southern life 1. In 1850, the majority of slave holding families owned ______ or fewer slaves. -fewer than 40,000 families possessed 20 or more slaves that qualified them as planters 2. Fewer than 2,000 families owned 100 slaves or more. Frederick Douglass wrote "a little nation by itself, with its own language, its own rules, regulations, and customs."- these rules and customs set tone for southern society 3. ______________ of slaves provided the route to wealth, status, and influence. __________: majority of slaves, most fertile land, highest income, dominated state and local offices, leadership of both political parties 4. Slavery was a profit-making system. -owners kept close watch on world prices for products, invested in ___________ (railroads, canals,) and supervised their plantations a. Men watched the world market for cotton, invested in infrastructure, and managed their plantations. Plantation _____________- idealized southern lore for femininity, beauty, dependence on men- hardly idle b. Plantation mistresses cared for sick slaves, oversaw the domestic servants, and supervised the plantation when the master was away. -before Civil war wealthiest people in US were planters in SC and around Natchez, Mississippi 5. Southern slave owners spent much of their money on material goods. -cotton frontier, planters lived in crude log homes, but older slave states in south lived in elegant mansions. Planters discouraged their sons from entering "low" trades (commerce and manufacturing), reason why South remained agricultural

dependents, paternalism,

G. The Paternalist Ethos slave plantations embedded in world market and planters sought to accumulate land, slaves, profit >planters values glorified hierarchical, agrarian society in which slave holding gentleman took personal responsibility for physical and moral well-being of their _____________- women, children, slaves 1. Southern slave owners were committed to a hierarchical, agrarian society. _____________ feature of american slavery in 18th c. more ingrained after closing of African trade 1808 and narrowed culture gap between master and slave, gave owner's economic interest in survival of their human property -southern slaveholders lived their plantations and had year round-contact with their slaves 2. Paternalism (father) was ingrained in slave society and enabled slave owners to think of themselves as kind, responsible masters even as they bought and sold their human property. -a practice odds with the claim slaves formed part of master's family

proslavery, inferior, biblical, equality, low menial job

H. The Proslavery Argument -before civil war, northern criticism of "peculiar institution" began, __________ thought dominated southern public life 1. By the 1830s, fewer southerners believed that slavery was a necessary evil. -even those without stake in slavery shared deep commitment to white supremacy >"racism" belief blacks were innately _________ to whites and unsuited for life conditions other than slavery- formed pillar of proslavery ideology 2. The proslavery argument rested on a number of pillars, including a commitment to white supremacy, __________ sanction of slavery (servants should obey their masters), and the historical precedent that slavery was essential to human progress. -without slavery they believed planters would be unable to cultivate the art, science, and other civilized pursuit 3. Another proslavery argument held that slavery guaranteed _________ for whites. (by preventing growth of class doomed to life of unskilled labor) Like Northerners claimed to be committed to ideal of freedom, slavery was surest guarantee of perfect equality among whites, liberating them from _____, ________ _____ such as: factory labor, domestic service performed by low waged laborers in North

Spanish America and British, debates, how much, failure, succeeded, remained

I. Abolition in the Americas -american slave owners aware of development in slave system elsewhere in western Hemisphere, observed carefully result of wave of emancipation swept hemisphere in 1st 4 decades of century. Abolishment in ________ _________ ____ ___________ empire------ influenced: 1. Abolition in the Americas influenced _______ over slavery in the United States. -slave owner judged vitality of Caribbean economy by _____ ______ sugar and other crops it produced -former slaves grow food for own family, defenders of slavery in US charged British emancipation had been a failure a. Proslavery advocates used post-emancipation decline in sugar and in other cash crops as evidence of British abolitionism _________. b. Abolitionists argued that the former slaves' rising living standards (and similar improvements) showed that emancipation had _____________. -abolitionists, pointed to raising standard of living of freed slaves, spread education among them, improved their lives -slavery a declining institution 2. By mid-century, New World slavery _________ only in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Brazil, and the United States.

north, Mason-Dixon, Maryland, Pennsylvania

II. The Old South Slavery old institution, 2 centuries since 1st Africans in Virginia -Abolition in _________ slavery become the peculiar institution of south- institution unique to southern society ________-_______ Line, drawn 18th c. by 2 surveyors to settle boundary dispute between __________ and _____________, eventually dividing line between slavery and freedom >some founders hope slavery will die out, on eve of Civil War slave population risen to nearly 4 million (high rate of natural increase made up for prohibition in 1808) -South , slaves made up 1/3 of total population and in cotton-producing states of south, around half >By 1850s, slavery crossed Mississippi river and was expanding in Arkansas, Louisiana, eastern Texas

property, kill, court, sold, leased, white, firearm, Leave, Learn, Gather, interference, master, Trial of Celia

III. Life under Slavery A. Slaves and the Law -slaves: toil, brutal punishment, fear of families be destroyed for sale 1. Slaves were considered __________ and had few legal rights. (illegal to ______ a slave, expect in self-defense, slaves accused of serious crime entitled to their day in _______ before white judge and jury) -slaves can be _____, _______ by owner, lacked voice in government 2. Slaves were not allowed to: a. Testify against a ______ person *sign contracts, acquire property) b. Carry a ________ c. _______ the plantation without permission d. ________ how to read or write (1830) e. __________ in a group without a white person present 3. Although, some of these laws were not always vigorously enforced. -some members of slave holding families taught slave children to read, slaves commonly gathered without white supervision at crossroad villages/ country stores on Sundays >Louisiana law "owes to his master respect without bounds and absolute obedience" no slave from choices of marriage to spent their free time, immune for his ______________ -entire system of southern justice (militia and courts) enforced ________'s control over slaves 4. Masters also controlled whether slaves married and how they spent their free time. 5. 1855 ________ __ _________: Celia killed her master while resisting a sexual assault. >state law deemed "any women" in circumstances to act in self-defense, nut Celia the court rules is not a "woman" in eyes of law, master has power over slaves a. Celia was charged with murder and sentenced to die, but she was pregnant and her execution was delayed until she gave birth, so as not to deny the current master his property right.

family, church, African,

IV. Slave Culture slaves never gave up desire for freedom, they succeed in forging semi-independent culture, centered on ________ and __________ >this hemmed them to survive the experience of bondage without surrendering their self-esteem and to pass from generation to generation set of ideas and values that were at odd with those their master >slave culture drew from __________ heritage, influenced in slave's music and dance, their style of religious worship, use of herbs by slave healers to combat disease. Slave culture new creation shaped by African tradition and American values and experience

preserve, challenge, obedient

V. Resistance to Slavery Confronted with federal, state, local authority committed to _________ slavery and outnumbered within South as a whole by white population, slaves rarely express their desire for freedom by outright rebellion -unlike Brazil and West Indies (hundreds or thousands of slaves revolted), America had smaller and less frequent >resistance to slavery many forms in South, individual acts of defiance to uprising. These acts posed constant ___________ to slaveholder's self-image as benign paternalist and their belief that slave were __________ subjects for their owner's care