Chapter 11 Physio

both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

"Dual innervation" refers to an organ receivinG A) nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord. B) both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. C) two nerves from the spinal cord. D) both autonomic and somatomotor nerves. E) None of the answers are correct.

beta blocker

A child is rushed to the hospital after taking one of his grandmother's blood pressure medications. He has a low blood pressure and is also having trouble breathing, with audible wheezing upon exhalation. Which class of drugs did the child most likely take? A) diuretic B) ACE inhibitor C) beta blocker D) calcium channel blocker

autonomic

Antagonistic control of efferent output is typical of the ________ division. A) somatic B) sensory C) autonomic D) somatic and sensory E) somatic and autonomic

axon

Autonomic neurotransmitters are synthesized in the ________.

parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions

Cholinergic muscarinic receptors are found at the ________ in the autonomic division.

autonomic ganglia or ganglia

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors are found in the ________ of the autonomic division.

acetylcholine

Cholinergic receptors respond to the neurotransmitter ________.

There are no enzymes to break down epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood and very little in peripheral tissues.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine that are released from the adrenal glands affect target tissue for a longer period of time than the same substances released from neurons at their peripheral receptors. Why? A) The epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands are released by sympathetic neurons, whereas parasympathetic neurons release these substances at the effector organs. B) The effectors are less sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal glands. C) The adrenal gland releases larger amounts of the neurotransmitters than the neurons. D) There are no enzymes to break down epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood and very little in peripheral tissues. E) The hormones released from the adrenal glands bind to different receptors than those released from neurons.

increase in fatty acids in the blood

If a physiological dose of an experimental drug was administered, and the subject responded to the chemical, which would indicate that this drug is an epinephrine agonist? A) decreased sweating B) constriction of respiratory airways C) decreased heart rate D) hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) E) increase in fatty acids in the blood

It acts on alpha adrenergic receptors.

If the results of an experimental drug treatment included pupil dilation, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose, which conclusion would be indicated? A) It acts on muscarinic receptors. B) It acts on alpha adrenergic receptors. C) It acts at the neuromuscular junction. D) It acts on AMPA receptors. E) It acts on beta adrenergic receptors.

increases gastric motility.

Increased parasympathetic stimulation A) dilates blood vessels in the arms and legs. B) increases heart rate. C) increases gastric motility. D) dilates the pupils. E) increases sweat.

true for both divisions

Inside the ganglia are interneurons, which modulate messages. A) true only for the parasympathetic division B) true for both divisions C) true only for the sympathetic division

true for both divisions

It contains cholinergic neurons. A) true for both divisions B) true only for the parasympathetic division C) true only for the sympathetic division

true only for the parasympathetic division

It dominates during resting-and-digesting activities. A) true for both divisions B) true only for the parasympathetic division C) true only for the sympathetic division

true only for the sympathetic divisio

It is important during stress or emergencies (fight-or-flight). A) true for both divisions B) true only for the parasympathetic division C) true only for the sympathetic division

cholinergic muscarinic recepto

Match the following with its description. receptor for parasympathetic neurotransmitters A) cholinergic muscarinic receptor B) cholinergic nicotinic receptor

cholinergic nicotinic receptor

Match the following with its description. receptor for preganglionic neurotransmitters A) cholinergic muscarinic receptor B) cholinergic nicotinic receptor

sympathetic agonist

Match the response with the type of chemical. pupil dilation A) sympathetic agonist B) parasympathetic agonist

True only for the sympathetic division

Most preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. A) true only for the parasympathetic division B) true for both divisions C) true only for the sympathetic division

Dopamine (DA)

Nicotine enhances the release of ________ in the brain. A) serotonin B) glutamate C) acetylcholine D) epinephrine E) dopamine

true for both divisions

On average, one preganglionic neuron synapses with eight or nine postganglionic neurons, each innervating a different target. A) true for both divisions B) true only for the parasympathetic division C) true only for the sympathetic division

cholinergic receptors

Sweat glands contain A) alpha receptors. B) beta receptors. C) cholinergic receptors. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

vagus nerve

The ________ is the major source of parasympathetic output.

true only for the sympathetic division

The adrenal medulla is closely associated with this system. A) true for both divisions B) true only for the parasympathetic division C) true only for the sympathetic division

is a source of catecholamines, is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.

The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because it A) is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion. B) releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood. C) is a source of catecholamines, is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood. D) is a source of catecholamines and is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion. E) is a source of catecholamines.

true only for the parasympathetic division

The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are found either in the brain stem or in the sacral region of the spinal cord. A) true only for the parasympathetic division B) true for both divisions C) true only for the sympathetic division

sympathetic

The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the ________ division. A) intramural B) craniosacral C) somatomotor D) sympathetic E) parasympathetic

agonist

The drug Chantix®, which treats nicotine addiction, is an ________ for the nicotine receptor. A) agonist B) antagonist

true only for the sympathetic division

The ganglia are found in a chain that runs close to the spinal cord or along the descending aorta. A) true only for the parasympathetic division B) true for both divisions C) true only for the sympathetic division

a folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold.

The motor end plate is A) a special fibrous matrix whose collagen fibers hold the axon terminal in proper position. B) a folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold. C) formed by the membrane of enlarged axon terminals, that lie on the surface of skeletal muscle cells. D) the same as the synaptic cleft. E) the same as the neuromuscular junction.

true for both divisions

The neural pathway from the spinal cord to the target tissue has two neurons, the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron. A) true only for the parasympathetic division B) true for both divisions C) true only for the sympathetic division

true only for the parasympathetic division

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released by neurons at the neuroeffector junction. A) true only for the parasympathetic division B) true for both divisions C) true only for the sympathetic division

true only for the sympathetic division

The neurotransmitter norepinephrine is released by neurons at the neuroeffector junction. A) true only for the parasympathetic division B) true for both divisions C) true only for the sympathetic division

autonomic

The presence of two peripheral efferent neurons in a pathway is typical of the ________ division. A) somatic B) sensory C) autonomic D) somatic and sensory E) somatic and autonomic

epinephrine

The signal molecule ________ stimulates a stronger response from beta2 receptors.

norepinephrine

The signal molecule ________ stimulates a stronger responses from alpha receptors.

somatic motor neurons and autonomic neurons.

The two subdivisions of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system are A) the sympathetic and parasympathetic subdivisions. B) somatic motor neurons and voluntary neurons. C) voluntary nervous system and somatic motor neurons. D) somatic motor neurons and autonomic neurons.

nicotinic, muscarini

The two types of cholinergic receptors are ________ and ________.

alpha, beta

The two varieties of adrenergic receptors are ________ and ________.

amygdala

Which area is NOT normally considered to be an autonomic control center? A) medulla B) amygdala C) pons D) hypothalamus

2, 3, 4 2. hypothalamus 3. pons 4. medulla

Which areas of the brain exert control over the autonomic nervous system? 1. cerebellum 2. hypothalamus 3. pons 4. medulla 5. thalamus A) 1, 2, 4 B) 2, 4 C) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 D) 1, 2, 3, 4 E) 2, 3, 4

1. blood pressure 2. heart rate 3. water balance 4. temperature regulation ALL

Which functions are controlled through the autonomic nervous system? 1. blood pressure 2. heart rate 3. water balance 4. temperature regulation A) 1, 2, 3 B) 1 and 3 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 2, 3, 4 E) 1 and 2

postganglionic neuron

Which has its cell body in a ganglion? A) preganglionic neuron, postganglionic neuron, and somatic motor neuron B) preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron C) somatic motor neuron D) postganglionic neuron E) preganglionic neuron

Activation of ΅ receptors are Na+ channels in the membrane.

Which statement is FALSE? A) Ά1 receptors respond equally well to both epinephrine and norepinephrine. B) Activation of ΅ receptors are Na+ channels in the membrane. C) Monoamine oxidase is the main enzyme responsible for the degradation of catecholamines. D) Ά2 receptors are not innervated by sympathetic neurons, so are more sensitive to epinephrine, delivered through the blood.

It is dominant during "resting and digesting" and its ganglia on or near their target organs

Which statements apply to the parasympathetic division of the nervous system? A) It is dominant during "resting and digesting." B) Epinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division. C) Its ganglia are on or near their target organs. D) It is dominant during "resting and digesting" and its ganglia on or near their target organs. E) All of the statements apply.

Varicosities

________ are swellings that contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitter.

Most, norepinephrine

________ postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete ________ onto their target cells. A) Most, norepinephrine B) Most, acetylcholine C) All, acetylcholine D) All, norepinephrine

sympathetic agonist

decreased activity in digestive tract A) sympathetic agonist B) parasympathetic agonist

sympathetic antagonist

decreases effects of adrenal catecholamines A) parasympathetic antagonist B) sympathetic antagonist

parasympathetic antagonist

decreases erections A) parasympathetic antagonist B) sympathetic antagonist

parasympathetic antagonist

decreases secretion of pancreatic enzymes A) parasympathetic antagonist B) sympathetic antagonist

parasympathetic antagonist

decreases urination A) parasympathetic antagonist B) sympathetic antagonist

sympathetic agonist

fat breakdown A) sympathetic agonist B) parasympathetic agonist

parasympathetic agonist

increased watery secretions from salivary glands A) sympathetic agonist B) parasympathetic agonist

norepinephrine

primary sympathetic neurotransmitter A) norepinephrine B) adrenergic receptor C) acetylcholine

adrenergic receptor

receptor for sympathetic neurotransmitters A) norepinephrine B) adrenergic receptor C) acetylcholine

Acetylcholine (ACh)

released by all autonomic preganglionic neurons A) norepinephrine B) adrenergic receptor C) acetylcholine