Chapter 11 Social Psychology
In Milgram's classic obedience study, what percentage of participants eventually used the highest setting on the shock generator -- 450 volts -- to shock the learner?
65 percent
Which of the following features was not one that participants were accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?
A person's artistic ability
Which of the following features were participants accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?
A person's romantic interest in the participant A person's propensity for violence A person's sexual orientation
In which of the following situations is groupthink most likely to occur?
A powerful leader is surrounded by people of lower status.
Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself
Altruism
Which of the following summarizes the evolutionary psychology explanation of altruistic behavior?
Altruism is more likely to occur among family members, so helping a relative also means promoting the survival of the family's genes.
_____ are evaluations of people behaviors, beliefs, and concepts.
Attitudes
The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others
Attribution theory
What is the tendency for individuals to not help someone in need if other people are around?
Bystander effect
Which of the following are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?
Change the attitude causing the dissonance. Change the behavior causing the dissonance.
Modifying attitudes, rationalizing attitudes, and/or changing behavior are all ways to reduce what?
Cognitive dissonance
What is the term for the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes?
Cognitive dissonance
_____ cultures value the group and cooperation.
Collectivistic
What type of love occurs later in a relationship and is characterized by strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved?
Companionate love
Which of the following are contributing factors in prejudice?
Cultural learning Feeling bad about oneself Competition for resources that are scarce
_____ occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes a sense of personal responsibility.
Deindividuation
_____ can produce altruistic behavior even toward members of rival groups.
Empathy
_____ is the term used to describe a situation in which a person favors their own ethnic group over other groups. This does not simply mean taking pride in one's ethnic group; it also involves asserting the group's superiority over other groups.
Ethnocentrism
_____ psychologists focus on gender differences in the accounting of attraction. The goal for both sexes, by this account, is to procreate.
Evolutionary
Which type of psychology researchers have used personal ads as evidence of sex-based differences in mate selection?
Evolutionary psychologists
When research participants were in a room filling with smoke, they were less likely to get help if they were alone than if another bystander was present. (T or F)
False
Which of the following is an example of mere exposure?
Finding a person attractive because you bump into him or her frequently
_____ is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view.
Groupthink
_____ people are more likely to help others.
Happy
_____ are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make decisions rapidly.
Heuristics
______ racism refers to prejudicial attitudes that exist on a deeper, unconscious level.
Implicit
What is the Implicit Associations Test (IAT) designed to assess?
Implicit racism
In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that school segregation, in which Whites and Blacks attended separate schools, was unconstitutional. This illustrates which strategy to diminish the effects of prejudice and discrimination?
Increasing contact between majority and minority groups
_____ cultures value personal accomplishments, differences, and uniqueness.
Individualistic
Which of the following has not been identified as a contributing factor in prejudice?
Meaningful contact with diverse individuals
_____ is a change in behavior in response to the commands of others.
Obedience
_____ is behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority.
Obedience
Groupthink is more likely to occur when the group does which of the following?
Overestimates their power and morality
What type of love is a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal?
Passionate
The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others
Person perception
What would a social psychologist be most likely to study?
Personal attitudes and the perception of others
_____ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.
Persuasion
An unjustified negative attitude or a positive attitude toward an individual based on his or her group membership
Prejudice
_____ love is also called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and infatuation.
Romantic
expectations about a future event or behavior that act to increase the likelihood that the event or behavior will occur
Self-fulfilling prophecies
If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. What does this illustrate?
Self-fulfilling prophecy
The way in which individuals think in social situations
Social cognition
_____ states that the way we define ourselves in terms of our group memberships is a crucial part of self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves.
Social identity theory
one's fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.
Stereotype threat
Ethnocentrism involves which of the following?
Taking pride in one's group Asserting one's group as superior over other groups Encouraging in-group/out-group thinking
The physical attractiveness of an individual delivering a message can affect how persuasive the message is. (T or F)
True
Critics of evolutionary psychology theory cite which of the following findings to bolster their criticism of evolutionary theory in attraction?
Variation in mate preference Cross-cultural variation in gender behavior
When are attitudes more likely to guide behavior?
When a person has strong attitudes When a person rehearses and practices his or her strong attitudes When a person is very aware of his or her own attitudes
Which of the following is a circumstance in which researchers would not expect attitudes to guide behavior?
When the person's attitudes changed recently
_____ love is also called companionate love, and it occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another.
affectionate
In "smoke-filled room" studies, smoke billowed from a vent in a room. If the research participant in the room was _____, he or she was more likely to get help quickly. If the participant was ____, he or she was likely to either take much longer to get help or not get help at all.
alone; with another bystander
In the field of social psychology, the term _____ describes an opinion or perspective that someone has towards a person, a behavior, a belief or a concept.
attitude
In an effort to maximize our sense of self-esteem, we may come to think that our own group (in-group) is _____ groups to which we don't belong (out-groups).
better than
A change in behavior brought about by following the standards of others
conformity
We all adhere to the rules and norms of society to some degree. The fact that we attend work or school clothed, rather than nude, is an example of _____.
conformity
Research consistently has shown that increasing the amount of interaction between people can _____ (increase or decrease) negative stereotyping.
decrease
A negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because they are a member of that group is called _____.
discrimination
To reduce dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called _____.
effort justification
Giving aid to another person to ensure reciprocity is called _____.
egoism
_____ involves giving to another person to ensure reciprocity, to gain self-esteem, or to present oneself as powerful or caring.
egoism
The _____ likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive.
elaboration
A key social emotion in altruism is _____, a person's feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another.
empathy
Critics of _____ psychology theory argue that humans have the decision-making ability to change their gender behavior and are not locked in to past behavior patterns.
evolutionary
The _____ perspective of reciprocity is to secure the survival of the family's genes, even if the helped individual isn't actually family.
evolutionary
Social _____ occurs when an individual's performance improves due to the presence of others.
facilitation
The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations is referred to as ______.
fundamental attribution error
Communicators who are physically and socially attractive produce _____ attitude change compared to those who are less attractive.
greater
People are more likely to perceive variety and differences in members of an _____-group, whereas they are more likely to view members of an _____-group as "all looking the same."
in; out
We inflate the positive aspects of our _____-group and at the same time devalue other _____-groups.
in; out
We _____ the positive aspects of our in-group and at the same time _____ those of out-groups.
inflate; devalue
The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct is referred to as _____.
informational social influence
The bystander effect makes it ______ (more/less) likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around.
less
When several students are assigned to do a group presentation, only three of the four actually do the required work. A social psychologist would refer to this as social _____.
loafing
The _____ effect means that the more we encounter someone (or something), the more likely we are to start liking the person or thing.
mere exposure
People are _____ likely to detect variations among individuals who belong to their in-group, compared to individuals who are part of their out-groups.
more
The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us is ____.
normative social influence
Milgram's classic study involving teachers, learners, and electric shock was designed to examine the power of _____.
obedience
_____ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.
person perception
Evolutionary psychologists propose that sex differences in mate selection relate to biological differences in the production of offspring. Evolutionary psychologists have used _____ as evidence of these evolutionary differences.
personal ads
Group _____ effect is the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion.
polarization
Evolutionary psychologists focus on gender differences in the accounting of attraction. The goal for both sexes is to _____.
procreate
Social loafing occurs when an individual exerts less effort in a group because of the ______ (increased/reduced) accountability for individual effort.
reduced
the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.
self-serving bias
When someone is asked to identify themselves and they answer with the religious or ethnic group affiliations, this is stating their _____ identity.
social
_____ identity is a way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.
social
______ is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.
social cognition
The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people
social psychology
A _____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any differences.
stereotype
Checking a box that asks respondents to indicate their ethnicity can, in turn, activate _____.
stereotype threat
A person who experiences stereotype ______ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group.
threat