Chapter 11: stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination
study: race and intelligence tests
African Americans performed as well as white peers when told the test was being tested not them, but when told they were the ones being tested, they performed worse
10. Jenny asks herself, "did my officemate get the promotion instead of me because I'm overweight or because I'm really less qualified?" this sort of thought illustrates the ____ that members of stigmatized groups are likely to experience in everyday life.
Attributional ambiguity
2. Recall that one study asked prejudiced and unprejudiced white participants to evaluate black and white college applicants (identified by photos attached to their applications) whose qualifications varied. What did this study show?
Both b and c are correct b. When the applicants had mixed qualifications (that is, they excelled at some things and did not excel at others), prejudiced participants rated the black applicants less favorably than the unprejudiced participants c. When the applicants had either generally excellent qualifications or generally weak qualifications, prejudiced and unprejudiced participants rated white and black applicants similarly
4. Realistic group conflict theory posits that prejudice and discrimination arise from
Competition over limited resources
5. Experiments that employ the minimal group paradigm show that
Groups that are created on the basis of arbitrary and seemingly
1. Modern racism in the US is characterized by
Prejudice directed at other racial groups that coexists alongside a rejection of explicitly racist beliefs
3. Bill's belief that all the Asians are good at math exemplifies ____. Bill's refusal to hire Asians exemplifies _____.
Stereotyping; discrimination
6. Basking in reflected glory refers to a tendency to
Take pride in the accomplishments of those with whom we are associated
8. Thinking that African Americans are hostile, Jake may act toward them in a guarded manner. As a result, he may elicit a coldness that he sees as proof of their hostility. This scenario captures the essence of
The self-fulfilling prophecy
7. According to the cognitive perspective, stereotyping is _____ because it can _____ our social environment.
Useful; decrease the time and effort needed to deal with
9. Research on stereotype threat has shown that female students performed
Worse on a math test when they were told beforehand that men tend to score higher
actions that align with stereotype guided by abstract or concrete terms
abstract
concept: farmer on border of Poland and Russia
arbitrary borders can lead people to see less variability within each group and more between the two
distinct events-- minorities and negative events
are more memorable and get overrepresented
study: princeton and rutgers
assumed more similarity among other school than their own
concept when stigmatized group members do not know if experiences have the same causes as everyone else or if they are due to prejudice
attributional ambiguity
tendency for people to take pride in the accomplishments of those with whom they are in some way associated
basking in reflected glory
Robber's cave experiment
boys divided into two groups with no apparent differences
actions that do no align with stereotype guided by abstract or concrete terms
concrete
three-legged stool
conflict rests on tendency to glorify ingroups, unequal distribution of resources, and to stereotyped groups
no justification in a situation
conform to egalitarian values
ambivalent sexism
contains both positive and negative features (benevolent and hostile)
unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group
discrimination
how do we normally handle our aggression
displace it onto safer target
group conflict, when is likely to increase?
during economic difficulty
ways to reduce stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination
equal status common ingroup identity community's broader norms need to support one-on-one interactions
glorifying one's own group and vilifying other groups
ethnocentrism
frustration leads to aggression
frustration-aggression theory
study: black participants given positive or negative feedback--seen or hidden
hidden increased their self-esteem for positive, decreased it for negative seen--no change to self-esteem
study: aid black or white person in need of help
if they thought they were the only ones to help, helped regardless of race, but if thought others could help, then they helped the black individual much less than when they were white
technique for revealing nonconscious prejudices toward groups
implicit associations test (IAT)
create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria
minimal group paradigm
prejudice directed at other racial groups that exists alongside rejection of explicit racists beliefs
modern racism
tendency for people to assume that within group similarity is much stronger for outgroups than ingroup
outgroup homogeneity effect
pairing of two distinct events stand out more because they co-occur
paired distinctiveness
two parts to minimal group paradigm study
part 1-- trivial task creates two groups overestimators and underestimators part 2--assign points for money to participants gave more money to those in their group
Robber's cave phase 1, 2, and 3
phase 1: group unity -- Eagles v Rattlers phase 2: tournament-- fights, insults phase 3: group brought together-- cooperative efforts
a negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and it's individual members
prejudice
if able to rationalize prejudice/discrimination
prejudice emerges
study: applications
prejudice participants could defend discriminatory actions by claiming black applicants fell short on dimensions
procedure used to increase the accessibility of a concept or schema
priming
group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources
realistic group conflict theory
people act towards members of certain groups that encourage the behavior they expect
self-fulfilling prophecies
person's self-concept and self-esteem derive from not only personal identity but also status and accomplishments of group one belongs to
social identity theory
people's fear of confirming the stereotype others have regarding a group they belong to
stereotype threat
beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of members of particular groups
stereotypes
what can increase self-esteem
stereotyping and discrimination of other groups
explain away exceptions by creating subcategory of stereotyped group
subtyping
transcend interests of one group and achieved more readily by two together
superordinate goals
prejudiced and non-prejudiced people equally likely to stereotype but what differentiates them
those who are not prejudice actively fight against the stereotype while the prejudice people use automatic processing and accept it
Study: students had to form an impression of a person from traits (stereotyped or random) and watch a video on Indonesia
those who used stereotypes were able to focus more on video and were able to recall more info from the video as well as more traits of the person
why does the outgroup homogeneity effect happen?
we have more contact with our ingroup and more chances to see differing opinions
illusory correlations of ingroup
we wish for ingroup to be more diverse and pretend it is
gender and math tests
when gender made salient, men outperform women, when gender not salient, no difference
study: white students were praised and criticized by white and black doctors
when praise from black doctor --thought of him as a doctor criticized by black doctor-- thought of him as a black man
when are we more inclined to stereotype?
when we are mentally taxed
study: white participants watched a fight between a white man and a black man, one shoved the other
whenever the white guy shoved the black guy seen as benign but when the black guy shoved seen as aggressive