Chapter 11: stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination

study: race and intelligence tests

African Americans performed as well as white peers when told the test was being tested not them, but when told they were the ones being tested, they performed worse

10. Jenny asks herself, "did my officemate get the promotion instead of me because I'm overweight or because I'm really less qualified?" this sort of thought illustrates the ____ that members of stigmatized groups are likely to experience in everyday life.

Attributional ambiguity

2. Recall that one study asked prejudiced and unprejudiced white participants to evaluate black and white college applicants (identified by photos attached to their applications) whose qualifications varied. What did this study show?

Both b and c are correct b. When the applicants had mixed qualifications (that is, they excelled at some things and did not excel at others), prejudiced participants rated the black applicants less favorably than the unprejudiced participants c. When the applicants had either generally excellent qualifications or generally weak qualifications, prejudiced and unprejudiced participants rated white and black applicants similarly

4. Realistic group conflict theory posits that prejudice and discrimination arise from

Competition over limited resources

5. Experiments that employ the minimal group paradigm show that

Groups that are created on the basis of arbitrary and seemingly

1. Modern racism in the US is characterized by

Prejudice directed at other racial groups that coexists alongside a rejection of explicitly racist beliefs

3. Bill's belief that all the Asians are good at math exemplifies ____. Bill's refusal to hire Asians exemplifies _____.

Stereotyping; discrimination

6. Basking in reflected glory refers to a tendency to

Take pride in the accomplishments of those with whom we are associated

8. Thinking that African Americans are hostile, Jake may act toward them in a guarded manner. As a result, he may elicit a coldness that he sees as proof of their hostility. This scenario captures the essence of

The self-fulfilling prophecy

7. According to the cognitive perspective, stereotyping is _____ because it can _____ our social environment.

Useful; decrease the time and effort needed to deal with

9. Research on stereotype threat has shown that female students performed

Worse on a math test when they were told beforehand that men tend to score higher

actions that align with stereotype guided by abstract or concrete terms

abstract

concept: farmer on border of Poland and Russia

arbitrary borders can lead people to see less variability within each group and more between the two

distinct events-- minorities and negative events

are more memorable and get overrepresented

study: princeton and rutgers

assumed more similarity among other school than their own

concept when stigmatized group members do not know if experiences have the same causes as everyone else or if they are due to prejudice

attributional ambiguity

tendency for people to take pride in the accomplishments of those with whom they are in some way associated

basking in reflected glory

Robber's cave experiment

boys divided into two groups with no apparent differences

actions that do no align with stereotype guided by abstract or concrete terms

concrete

three-legged stool

conflict rests on tendency to glorify ingroups, unequal distribution of resources, and to stereotyped groups

no justification in a situation

conform to egalitarian values

ambivalent sexism

contains both positive and negative features (benevolent and hostile)

unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group

discrimination

how do we normally handle our aggression

displace it onto safer target

group conflict, when is likely to increase?

during economic difficulty

ways to reduce stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination

equal status common ingroup identity community's broader norms need to support one-on-one interactions

glorifying one's own group and vilifying other groups

ethnocentrism

frustration leads to aggression

frustration-aggression theory

study: black participants given positive or negative feedback--seen or hidden

hidden increased their self-esteem for positive, decreased it for negative seen--no change to self-esteem

study: aid black or white person in need of help

if they thought they were the only ones to help, helped regardless of race, but if thought others could help, then they helped the black individual much less than when they were white

technique for revealing nonconscious prejudices toward groups

implicit associations test (IAT)

create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria

minimal group paradigm

prejudice directed at other racial groups that exists alongside rejection of explicit racists beliefs

modern racism

tendency for people to assume that within group similarity is much stronger for outgroups than ingroup

outgroup homogeneity effect

pairing of two distinct events stand out more because they co-occur

paired distinctiveness

two parts to minimal group paradigm study

part 1-- trivial task creates two groups overestimators and underestimators part 2--assign points for money to participants gave more money to those in their group

Robber's cave phase 1, 2, and 3

phase 1: group unity -- Eagles v Rattlers phase 2: tournament-- fights, insults phase 3: group brought together-- cooperative efforts

a negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and it's individual members

prejudice

if able to rationalize prejudice/discrimination

prejudice emerges

study: applications

prejudice participants could defend discriminatory actions by claiming black applicants fell short on dimensions

procedure used to increase the accessibility of a concept or schema

priming

group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources

realistic group conflict theory

people act towards members of certain groups that encourage the behavior they expect

self-fulfilling prophecies

person's self-concept and self-esteem derive from not only personal identity but also status and accomplishments of group one belongs to

social identity theory

people's fear of confirming the stereotype others have regarding a group they belong to

stereotype threat

beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of members of particular groups

stereotypes

what can increase self-esteem

stereotyping and discrimination of other groups

explain away exceptions by creating subcategory of stereotyped group

subtyping

transcend interests of one group and achieved more readily by two together

superordinate goals

prejudiced and non-prejudiced people equally likely to stereotype but what differentiates them

those who are not prejudice actively fight against the stereotype while the prejudice people use automatic processing and accept it

Study: students had to form an impression of a person from traits (stereotyped or random) and watch a video on Indonesia

those who used stereotypes were able to focus more on video and were able to recall more info from the video as well as more traits of the person

why does the outgroup homogeneity effect happen?

we have more contact with our ingroup and more chances to see differing opinions

illusory correlations of ingroup

we wish for ingroup to be more diverse and pretend it is

gender and math tests

when gender made salient, men outperform women, when gender not salient, no difference

study: white students were praised and criticized by white and black doctors

when praise from black doctor --thought of him as a doctor criticized by black doctor-- thought of him as a black man

when are we more inclined to stereotype?

when we are mentally taxed

study: white participants watched a fight between a white man and a black man, one shoved the other

whenever the white guy shoved the black guy seen as benign but when the black guy shoved seen as aggressive