Dutch Empire Terms

Protestant Reformation

"Protestant" comes from the word protest; was a protest against the theology of the catholic church Overall, it was the 16th century religious, political, intellectual, and cultural revolt/upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe on a religious basis

Apartheid

Afrikaners and the Boers - their descendants eventually impose this system on the native people of south Africa, a terrible "legacy" of the Dutch empire

Seven Sacraments

Baptism = Acceptance into the catholic church, usually done when one is a baby (water is poured on the baby in a cleansing way) Confirmation = Confirmed into the church when you are a teenager, is an active decision Confession = telling the Priest your sins so that you can be forgiven, can happen at any time Communion = drinking the blood (wine) and eating the flesh (little cracker thing) of Jesus Christ, symbolically Need to have your "First Communion" before you can receive communion, in Catholic schools happens around second grade Marriage Holy Orders = Becoming a Priest Extreme Unction = when you're dying, last rights, blessed as you pass

Good Works

Beliefs of the catholics, are things that you do and practice in order to show God that you are attempting to earn your way into heaven (relates to a lot of volunteering and donating) These show that we are attempting to earn God's love

Irresistible Grace

Calvin idea; God is all powerful and you cannot avoid him

Predestination

Calvin idea; Your place after death is predetermined; God has already decided where you will be going (he decided at the beginning of time)

Dutch West India Company

Corresponding company to the Dutch East India Company The companies could trade shares with eachother at the world's first stock exchange The companies valued frugality above all else and always wanted to establish monopolies on many commercial goods like cloves and other spices, captains were rewarded for making their missions as quickly as possible and the crews were very poorly paid

Johann Tetzel

Died 1519, He was a friar and preacher who was sent to Wittenberg (in Germany) to sell indulgences to raise money for the Basilica in Rome When he arrived in the town of Wittenberg, Martin Luther had been observing the sale of indulgences and felt that the Church had finally gone too far, Luther did not think that people were actually buying indulgences because they truly wanted forgiveness for their sins Luther's 95 Theses (his things he felt were wrong wit the catholic church) completely ruined Tetzel's mission because no one was interested in the indulgences anymore

Mercantilism

Dominant theory that all Dutch businessmen bought into in order to generate a profit; believed that the colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country, they expert their goods and sell them Assumes that the wealth of the world is finite, and your goal should be to make as much as possible, get a larger piece of the economic "pie" In order to do this, the Dutch will regulate trade (no free market)

Netherlands vs Holland

Holland is made up of provinces within the Netherlands, Holland is a coastal region within the Netherlands (famous for tulips, cycling paths, and wind mills)

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the first printing press, made books (AND INDULGENCES) much more easily accessible Died in 1468

Batavia

Key city in the Dutch empire located in Indonesia; like a modern airline hub because there was so much coming and going All goods would first go to batavia in order to easily regulate and organize and then the goods would be sent to Amsterdam It was a very swampy place, with lots of disease and it was an established port Very diverse but at the same time very hierarchical (europeans were on top of the social pyramid) People were more showy with wealth in order to distinguish themselves

Indulgences

Little pieces of paper/things that you can buy that will shorten your time in purgatory (bump you up on the rungs of the religious ladder), forgives people for sins Indulgences existed the Renaissance but they were difficult to obtain because priests had to hand write or hand copy them With the invention of the printing press, indulgences became much more accessible and therefore more popular

95 Theses

On OCTOBER 31ST, 1517, A document posted by Luther in a Church, listing the things that he felt were wrong within the Catholic Church. This document was not meant for the general public because it was written in Latin. This document ended up being spread all around Northern Europe, and his document caused a lot of concern because Luther was a VIP and people cared about his opinions. Because of this, nobody wanted to buy indulgences.

Limited Atonement

One of John Calvin's ideas; in the beginning of time, God selected some people to be special, these people are called the "elect" While most of us are completely evil, a very few people were specifically chosen by God and are righteous, have good in them

Total Depravity

One of John Calvin's ideas; the belief that people are inherently evil and there is nothing good about people

Unconditional Salvation

One of John Calvin's ideas; the belief that there is nothing that you can do to change the quality of inherent wickedness

Mardijker People

People who had bought their way out of slavery; their parents had been slaves but had paid their way out of slavery, lots of Hindus and people of other races

Voortrekkers

Really wanted to escape the British government and set up their own calvinist, slave-owning agricultural government These people moving to a new, free area was known as the Great Trek

Afrikaners/Boers

The Dutch establish a colony in South Africa in 1752 in Cape Town, Dutch began setting into the interior of South Africa, were known as Afrikaners or Boers (new generation) Used native africans and asians as slaves The boers were forced to learn english and the English people imposed English law and outlawed the slave trade (British made the Boers very angry)

Dutch East India Company (VOC)

The agency that regulates trade for the Dutch is this company, Founded in 1602 as a joint stock company where multiple businessmen come together and take liability for the same company so that it's not all one person's fault, they would all share in the profits It was not just an economic company; it had permission from the Dutch government to raise armies and build fortifications and negotiate treaties Was based in Asia

Purgatory

The area where you wait before entering heaven or hell, try to work your way up to heaven

Haarlem Church

The churches that the calvinists created; when they obtained churches in the Netherlands, they would strip down all of the churches and white wash the walls, take out the statues, and get rid of all of the stained glass windows The calvinists and the lutherans brought the pulpit forwards so that it was among the people, were trying to break down the hierarchy of the Church

Transubstantiation

The power of the priest to turn the wine in the communion ceremony into the blood of Christ

Martin Luther

Trained as a monk in Germany, had visited Rome, was the leading teacher of theology He was taught that we, as humans, cannot fully understand God, but the things that we do understand are only because God has allowed us to understand them, but ended up believing that we have this connection to God all you need to do is believe and love God more Did not believe that the church needed to act as the intermediary between us and god

John Calvin

Was a theologian and and pastor during the Protestant Reformation, furthered Martin Luther's ideas because he didn't believe that he had taken his philosophies far enough In US history, we refer to the Calvinists as Puritans

Our Lord in the Attic Chapel

When Europe was divided between different religions and the dutch rebel and take over the united provinces/ netherlands from spain in 1578, practicing catholicism was made publicly illegal so a very rich Catholic Merchant built a catholic chapel in the top floors of his house

Justification by Faith Alone

When Luther arrives at a new understanding of our relationship with God; he believed that the fact that we can feel guilt tells us that God loves us because He has helped us to discern right from wrong Also believed that God's love isn't something you earn, it is something that you already possess without needing to go through specific practices of the church ^ This was the basis of protestant religion and faith, creates two different churches: The Catholic church and the Lutheran church

Treaty of Westphalia, 1648

When the heads of Europe came together and decide that whoever is the ruler of the country gets to decide the religion of that country, ends a 130 year long war of religion Because of this, the Dutch will be able to embark on their "Golden Age," a time when they are the most unified, most commercially successful country in Europe, they are interested in making MONEY