U4: Ch. 7 SB

Select the correct symbol and units for wavelength.

- nm - λ

Why is the Bohr model unable to predict atomic line spectra for atoms other than hydrogen?

The Bohr model does not take into account electron-electron repulsions in multielectron systems.

Blackbody radiation studies showed that the _____________ of the highest-energy radiation emitted depends on the temperature of the object.

frequency

Which of the following statements correctly describe the behavior of waves and particles according to the classical model of matter?

- A wave is able to bend around the edge of an object in its path, whereas a particle is not. - A wave exhibits diffraction patterns, whereas a particle does not.

Match each electron to the set of quantum numbers that could describe it. 3, 0, 0 <-----> 3, 1, 0 <-----> 4, 2, 2 <-----> 4, 1, -1 <----->

An electron in a 3s orbital An electron in a 3p orbital An electron in a 4d orbital An electron in a 4p

Arrange the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing frequency: infrared, microwave, gamma, visible.

microwave < infrared < visible < gamma

Which of the following correctly define, depict the symbol, and provide the units for the speed of electromagnetic radiation (light)?

- Light moves at a constant distance per time. - c = λ × υ - c = 3.00 × 108 m/s

Match each value of l, the angular momentum quantum number, to the type of orbital sublevel it designates.

0 1 2 3. s sublevel p sublevel d sublevel f sublevel.

Which of the following sets of quantum numbers could describe an electron in a 4p orbital?

4, 1, -1 4, 1, 0

Which of the following determines the color of visible light?

Frequency; Wavelength

Energy is quantized. What does this mean?

There is a basic unit of energy that cannot be subdivided further.

The apparent bending of a wave around the edge of an object is called _____. If a wave passes through a slit that has a width of the same order of magnitude as its _____, it will bend around both edges of the slit to give a semicircular wave.

diffraction, wavelength

Which of the following statements correctly describe an s orbital?

-An s orbital has a spherical shape -A 2s orbital has two regions of high electron density

According to the Bohr model for the hydrogen atom, the energy of the atom is not continuous but has certain discrete energy_____, each of which is related to a fixed circular______ of the electron around the nucleus. The farther the electron is from the nucleus, the _____ the energy of the system.

levels orbit higher

Which of the following wave properties are related to the amplitude of an electromagnetic wave?

~Intensity ~Brightness (for visible light)

Which of the following statements correctly describe the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom?

~The atom is in its lowest energy state when the electron is in the orbit closest to the nucleus. ~Only certain energy levels are allowed within the hydrogen atom. ~Each energy state of the hydrogen atom is associated with a fixed circular orbit of the electron around the nucleus.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the limitations of the Rutherford model of the atom?

~This model could not explain why electrons did not emit energy continuously. ~This model could not explain observed atomic line spectra

Visible light and radio waves are both examples of ___________ radiation, which has a dual nature, possessing the properties of both _______________ and waves.

- electromagnetic - matter

a "p" orbital has _______ regions or lobes of high electron probability, on either side of the nucleus. This gives the orbital a dumbbell shape with a(n) _______ or region of zero electron density at the nucleus.

- two - nodal plane

Which of the following correctly depict the symbol and units for frequency?

- v - Hz

Match each pair of statements relating to the interference of waves correctly. Waves that are in phase---- Amplitudes will add matches---- Waves that are out of phase matches--- Amplitudes will cancel matches---

----experience constructive interference. ---if waves are in phase. ---- experience destructive interference. ---- if waves are out of phase.

Which of the following statements correctly describe p orbitals?

-A p orbital has a dumbbell shape with two lobes, one on either side of the nucleus -p orbitals always occur in groups of three -The p orbitals of a group are perpendicular to each other

Which of the following statements correctly describe the magnetic quantum number, ml?

-The allowed values for ml range from -l to +l. -This value indicates the orientation of an orbital in the space around the nucleus.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the information provided by quantum numbers?

-The relative size of the orbital is indicated by the value of n. -The quantum number n indicates the principal energy level of an orbital. -The quantum number l indicates the shape of an orbital.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the angular momentum quantum number, l?

-The value of l dictates the allowed values of ml . _The number of possible l values equals the value of n. _The allowed values of l are determined by the value of n.

Which statement correctly describes the quantum number n with reference to the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom?

-an electron with n=2 is at a higher energy than an electron with n=1 -n indicates the energy level of an electron in the atom. -n can have any positive, whole-number value.

For a principal quantum number n = 3, what values of the angular momentum quantum number l are allowed?

0, 1, and 2

Which of the following sets of quantum numbers are allowed?

1, 0, 0 2, 1, -1

Place the following types of electromagnetic radiation in order of increasing wavelength (shortest at the top to longest at the bottom).

1. X-ray 2. UV radiation 3. Visible light 4. IR radiation 5. Radiowaves

Select the frequency of light having a wavelength of 2.4 × 1010 nm and the wavelength of light with a frequency of 2.4 × 1010 Hz.

1.3 × 107 Hz 1.3 x 107 nm

The _____ momentum quantum number has the symbol l and can take values from _____ to (n - 1). This number is related to the _____ of the orbital.

Angular 0 shape

Which of the following statements correctly describe the photoelectric effect?

Current begins to flow immediately when light of the correct frequency shines on the metal plate. The threshold frequency differs for different metals used in the photoelectric cell.

Which of the following correctly describes the diffraction of light?

Diffraction is the apparent bending of light around the edge of an object in its path.

Match each energy with the appropriate frequency or wavelength. (h = 6.626 × 10-34 J⋅s and c = 3.00 × 108 m/s)

E = 1.5 × 10-15 J photon with λ = 0.13 nm E = 5.3 × 10-18 J photon with ν = 8.0 × 1015Hz E = 3.1 × 10-19 J photon with λ = 650 nm

Which of the following correctly expresses energy in terms of Planck's constant?

E = hc/λ E = hν

Which of the following equations correctly reflects the relationship between energy and frequency?

E = hν

Each element has its own atomic line spectrum, consisting of fine lines of individual wavelengths that are characteristic for the element. This occurs because the atom contains specific ______ levels, and an atom can only or emit radiation that corresponds to the energy _______ between these levels.

Energy, Difference

The _____ of a wave is the number of wave cycles per second. This quantity is given the symbol ν and has units of s-1 or _____.

Frequency; Hz

An electron in the n = 3 energy level of the hydrogen atom emits a photon with wavelength 656.27 nm. What is the change in energy of the electron, and to which energy level does it move?

It moves to n = 2. ΔE = 3.03 × 10-19 J

Match each quantum number to the information it provides about an atomic orbital The principle quantum number n indicates that <-----> The angular momentum quantum number / indicates the <-----> The magnetic quantum number m, indicates the <----> The relative size of the orbital is related to the value of <----> The shape of the orbital is related to the value of <------>

Principal energy level Sublevel of the orbital Orientation of an orbital in space The quantum number n The quantum number /

Which of the following statements correctly describe the electromagnetic spectrum?

The color of visible light is related to its frequency. All waves in the spectrum travel at the same speed in a vacuum.

Bohr developed an equation for calculating the energy levels of a hydrogen atom. Which of the following can be determined using this equation?

The energy needed to remove an electron completely from the hydrogen atom The difference in energy between two energy levels in a hydrogen atom The wavelength of a line in the atomic line spectrum for hydrogen

Which of the following statements correctly describes how energy is absorbed by an atom?

The energy of the absorbed radiation must match the difference between the two energy states of the atom. If the energy of the radiation is greater, it cannot be absorbed, because an electron cannot absorb only part of the radiation's energy while discarding the rest. This is a basic tenet of quantum theory.

In a photoelectric diode, no current will flow unless light of a certain minimum threshold frequency is used. Which of the following explains this observation correctly?

The energy of the light photons must match or exceed the energy needed for electrons to break free from the metal.

Which of the following correctly defines the amplitude of a wave?

The height of each crest or depth of each trough

Why does each element have its own unique atomic line spectrum?

The lines in the spectrum correspond to the differences between the specific energy states in the atom.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the principal quantum number, n?

The lower the value of n, the greater the probability that the electron is closer to the nucleus. n can have any positive whole-number value.

Which of the following defines the ground state of an atom?

The lowest energy state of an atom, where all electrons are in the lowest energy levels possible

Select the correct statements of the limitations of the Bohr model.

The model does not account for electron-electron repulsion. The model incorrectly describes electrons as circling the nucleus in fixed, defined orbits.

Explain why the Bohr model cannot predict spectra for multielectron atoms.

The model does not account for electron-electron repulsions of a multielectron atom. The model does not account for additional nucleus-electron attractions of a multielectron atom.

The distance a wave travels during one cycle is called its _______ . This is usually measured as the distance between two ____________- or two troughs

Wavelength; Crests

According to the classical distinction between waves and matter: _____ will bend around the edges of a small opening in an object in their path. _____ will go bounce off an object in their path or go straight through.

Waves; Particles

What quantities can be calculated from the Bohr equation for the energy levels of the hydrogen atom?

We can find the wavelength of a spectral line. We can find the energy needed to ionize the hydrogen atom. We can find the energy change of the electron moving between two levels.

In order for a current to flow in a photoelectric cell, a photon of light must be by _________ an electron in the metal. For this to occur, the ________ of the photon must be equal to or greater than the energy needed to remove the electron from its energy state. It is the of the _______ light that is important, not its intensity.

absorbed energy energy

Any two waves that meet as they travel through the same medium will interact. If the two waves are in phase their crests will coincide and they will experience _____ interference, producing a wave with a(n) _____ amplitude.

constructive; increased

Which of the following statements correctly describe atomic d orbitals?

d orbitals are only possible for n ≥ 3. d orbitals always occur in groups of five.

An orbital with /=2 is called a _______ orbital. These orbitals always occur in groups of _______ orbitals of equal energy.

d; 5

When a wave encounters the edge of a barrier, it will bend around it. This is known as ______. When a wave moves from one medium into another at an angle other than 90°, the wave will change direction and continue to follow a new straight-line path. This is known as ______.

diffraction; refraction

Visible light is one type of ________________ radiation, which consists of energy propagated by electric and _________________ fields that alternately increase and decrease in intensity as they move through space.

electromagnetic; magnetic

If a solid object is heated to a high enough temperature, it will begin to glow. The color of light it emits depends on the temperature. This relationship between color and temperature implies a relationship between _____.

energy and wavelength

In Bohr's model of the atom, the quantum number n is associated with the _____ of an electron orbit. The lower the n value, the _____ the electron is to/from the nucleus and the _____ the energy level.

energy; closer; lower

The speed of a wave is determined by multiplying the _________ of the wave by its wavelength. In a vacuum all electromagnetic radiation travels at a constant speed, the speed of _________________ , which is equal to 3.00 x 108 m/s. (Include a word in the last fill in the blank space, not a number.)

frequency; light

Atoms, like all other matter, have specific energy levels within them. For an atom to absorb radiation, the energy ___________ of the radiation must match the energy between the two energy levels in the atoms.

gap

An atom is in its lowest energy state, or _____ state, when its electrons are in the lowest possible energy levels. If an electron in the atom absorbs a photon of radiation that is equal in energy to the difference between two energy states, it will move to a higher energy state and the atom is said to be in the _____ state.

ground; excited

Wavelength and frequency are _____ proportional to each other. As wavelength increases, frequency will _____.

inversely; decrease

Light of a single wavelength is termed _____ and light consisting of many wavelengths is termed _____.

monochromatic; polychromatic

The principal quantum number is given the symbol ________and has positive, whole-number values starting from _________

n 1

The magnetic quantum number has the symbol ml, and this value indicates the _____ of an orbital in space. The ml value is dictated by the value of _____.

orientation; l

The phenomenon where an electric current is produced by shining a light on a metal plate is called the ___________ effect. The minimum frequency required to cause a current to flow is called the ______________ frequency. This frequency depends on the identity of the metal used.

photoelectric; threshold

Electromagnetic radiation consists of particles called _________, each of which has a discrete amount, or quantum, of energy. However, since electromagnetic radiation also has wave properties, each particle is also characterized by a specific (usually expressed in nm) and frequency __________ (expressed in s-1).

photons wavelength

The speed of light is the ______ of its frequency and wavelength. In a vacuum, this value is a constant, ______.

product; 3.00 × 108 m/s

Energy is not continuous, but is quantized or divided into "packets," each of which contains a definite amount of energy. An energy packet is called a(n) _____, and the energy of each packet is directly proportional to its _____.

quantum; frequency (A blackbody is an object that absorbs all the radiation incident to it. The energy of electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to its frequency and inversely proportional to its wavelength. E = hν = hc/λ)

When a wave moves from one medium into another at an angle other than 90º, the wave will change direction and continue to follow a new straight-line path. This is known as __________, and is responsible for the ___________ of white light into its component colors when it passes through a prism.

refraction; dispersion

An orbital with l = 0 is called a(n) _____ type orbital and has a(n) _____ shape. There is always a total of _____ orbital(s) of this type for each principal energy level.

s; spherical; 1

The angular momentum quantum number, l, indicates the ___________ of the orbitals in an atom. A value of l = 0 indicates a(n) ____________ type orbital while a d orbital is indicated by an l value of _____________.

shape s 2

All waves in the electromagnetic spectrum travel at the same _____ through a vacuum, but differ in their frequency and wavelength. A wave with a long (large) wavelength will have a _____ frequency.

speed; low

Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom cannot exist according to classical physics because charged particles like electrons in orbit around a nucleus would continuously lose energy. The result would be that as electrons lose energy they would ______.

spiral into the nucleus to collapse the atom

Match each frequency/wavelength pair, given that the speed of light is 3.00 × 108 m/s.

v=7.23 x 10^14 Hz <--------> λ=662 nm <--------> v=6.21 x 10^10 Hz <------> λ= 3.12 x 10^-12 m <------> λ=415nm v=4.53 x 10^14 Hz λ=4.83mm v=9.62 x 10^19 Hz

The frequencies and wavelengths of visible light are perceived as different colors. The visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum ranges from higher frequency/shorter wavelength ______ to lower frequency/longer wavelength ______.

violet; red

Which of the following statements correctly describe a photon?

~A photon is a particle of electromagnetic radiation. ~Matter cannot absorb or emit a fraction of a photon.

An electron in the n = 2 energy level of the hydrogen atom drops to the n = 1 level. What is the change in energy of the electron?

ΔE = 1.64 × 10-18 J

Calculate the frequency and wavelength of a photon with energy of 3.5 × 10-19 J (h = 6.626 × 10-34 J⋅s and c = 3.00 × 108 m/s)

ν = 5.3 × 1014 s-1; λ = 570 nm