Chapter 11: The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

A diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrate are known as ____

nitrifiers

Many cyanobacteria can convert nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia, which is a process called ______.

nitrogen fixation

As a group, chemolithotrophs ______ to obtain energy.

oxidize reduced inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas

Nitrogen fixation, or the process of converting nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia, is an exclusive ability of ______.

prokaryotes

Obligate aerobes obtain energy using ____ exclusively; none of them can ferment.

respiration

Bioluminescent bacteria are characterized by ______.

the ability to emit light

Which of the following were likely the earliest photosynthesizing organisms?

anoxygenic phototrophs

The earliest oxygenic phototrophs probably belonged to a group of bacteria called the ____

cyanobacteria

The purple bacteria are Gram-negative organisms that can appear ______ due to their light-harvesting pigments. 1) orange 2) purple 3) red 4) green

1) orange 2) purple 3) red

Staphylococcus epidermidis is part of the normal microbiota of the ____

skin; epidermis

Cyanobacteria are a group of _______ bacteria.

photosynthetic Gram-negative

The purpose of the sheath in sheathed bacteria is for ______.

protection

In this micrograph of stained bacterial cells, the structures forming in the mid-portion of the cells are called

endospores

Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae are _______.

Gram-negative rods

Which of the following genera of organisms forms a beneficial symbiotic relationship with plants?

Rhizobium

Facultative anaerobes preferentially use aerobic respiration if ____ is present.

oxygen/O2

Ecophysiology is the study of the ______.

physiological mechanisms bacteria and archaea use to live in terrestrial and aquatic environments

The ____ bacteria have projections called prosthecae, which are extensions of the cytoplasm and cell wall that increase the surface area to facilitate absorption of nutrients.

prosthecate

By definition, obligate intracellular parasites cannot ______.

replicate outside of a host cell

Bacteria that oxidize sulfur are Gram-negative rods or spirals that ______.

use sulfur compounds as an energy source and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor

How do obligate aerobes obtain energy?

using respiration only

Oxygenic phototrophs use ______ as a source of electrons for reducing power, generating O2.

water

Which of the following correctly describe relationships between genera of bacteria and their means for obtaining nutrients from plants? 1) Agrobacterium species are plant pathogens that cause tumor-like growths. 2) Rhizobium species are plant pathogens that cause tumor-like growths. 3) Agrobacterium species form a mutually beneficial relationship with certain types of plants. 4) Rhizobium species form a mutually beneficial relationship with certain types of plants.

1) Agrobacterium species are plant pathogens that cause tumor-like growths. 4) Rhizobium species form a mutually beneficial relationship with certain types of plants.

____ species are Gram-negative curved rods that are highly motile and prey on other Gram-negative rods by boring a hole in their cell wall.

Bdellovibrio

Scientists now understand the true diversity of microbial life and have determined the relationships between the millions of prokaryotes that exist.

False; Scientists are just now beginning to understand the true diversity of prokaryotes through modern molecular techniques.

A group of bacteria called green bacteria are ______.

Gram-negative

Spirochetes are bacteria that are ______ and possess a unique mechanism of _______.

Gram-negative; motility

During photosynthesis, anoxygenic phototrophs use _______ as a source of electrons to make reducing power.

H2S; H20 IS WRONG BC Water is used by oxygenic phototrophs.

Aside from green and purple bacteria, Gram-positive endospore forming rods of the genus ______ are also anoxygenic phototrophs.

Heliobacterium

Antibiotics that interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis are ineffective in the treatment of _______ infections because these organisms lack a cell wall.

Mycoplasma

Cyanobacteria as a group are capable of ______.

both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation

In addition to being photosynthetic, many cyanobacteria have the ability to convert nitrogen gas (N2) into ______, a process known as nitrogen fixation.

ammonia

Chemoorganotrophs that perform ______ often use sulfur or sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor.

anaerobic respiration

An organism found in an environment that is very hot and acidic is most likely a member of the domain ____

archaea

Certain bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with specific types of fish and squid are ____, meaning they emit light

bioluminescent

Unlike in other anoxygenic phototrophs, in purple bacteria, the components of the photosynthetic apparatus are all located in the cell's ____ membrane

cytoplasmic; plasma

The study of the various adaptations prokaryotes use to survive terrestrial and aquatic environments is called ____

ecophysiology

Of the various types of dormant cells, the ______ is the most resistant to environmental extremes.

endospore

Prosthecate bacteria form projections called prosthecae, which are extensions of the cytoplasm and cell wall. These prosthecae ______.

facilitate absorption of nutrients

Facultative anaerobes can use aerobic respiration if O2 is present and ____ if O2 is not available.

ferment

The genus Streptomyces includes more than 500 species that resemble ______ in their growth but are ______.

fungi, prokaryotes

Endospore-forming bacteria are typically ______.

gram positive rods

An organism that requires a minimum of 9% NaCl would be called an extreme ______.

halophile

Prokaryotes that grow well in an environment that contains 32% NaCl would be called extreme ____

halophiles

Members of the Gram-negative genera Aquifex and Hydrogenobacter are hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. An example of their metabolism involves using ______.

hydrogen as a source of energy and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, forming water

Chemoorganotrophs oxidize ____ compounds such as glucose to obtain energy.

organic

Aerobic chemoorganotrophs gain energy via the _______, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor.

oxidation of organic compounds

You isolate Gram-positive cocci that are obligately aerobic. They are salt-tolerant and form colonies that have a yellow pigment. This organism is most likely a member of the genus ______. -Lactococcus -Deinococcus -Streptococcus -Micrococcus

Micrococcus

Members of the genus ____ are causative agents of gonorrhea and meningitis.

Neisseria

A reason why environments that are routinely exposed to O2 can support anaerobic growth is that ______.

O2-consuming organisms depletes the oxygen levels

A special staining procedure called the ______ is used in the identification of Mycobacterium species.

acid-fast stain

Most of the anaerobic chemolithotrophs that have been discovered are members of what domain?

archaea

Azotobacter species produce a resting cell called a(n) ____, , that allows the organism to withstand drying and ultraviolet radiation.

cyst

The resting cell produced by Azotobacter species that allows the organism to survive drying and ultraviolet radiation is called a(n) ______.

cyst

An anaerobic chemoorganotroph that uses glucose for energy and pyruvate as its terminal electron acceptor is performing ______.

fermentation

An organism that cannot reproduce outside of a host cell is termed an ____ ____ parasite.

obligate intracellular

Aerobic chemolithotrophs obtain energy by oxidizing reduced inorganic chemicals, using ____ as a terminal electron acceptor.

oxygen/O2

Humans infected with Helicobacter pylori may develop peptic ____

ulcer

______ species are Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic, make up about a third of the bacteria in fecal matter in humans, and are associated with abscesses and bloodstream infections.

Bacteroides

A key characteristic of the genus Mycoplasma is that they lack a ____ ____, instead usually relying on sterols in their membrane to provide strength and rigidity.

cell wall

The normal habitat of Bacteroides species in humans includes the ______. 1) genital tract 2) intestines 3) mouth 4) skin

1) genital tract 2) intestines 3) mouth

Species of Campylobacter and Helicobacter are ______. 1) microaerophilic 2) irregularly shaped Gram-positive rods 3) strict anaerobes 4) curved, Gram-negative rods

1) microaerophilic 4) curved, Gram-negative rods

Organisms that form storage granules include ______. 1) Thioploca 2) Staphylococcus 3) Spirillum 4) Thiomargarita 5) Magnetospirillum

1) Thioploca 3) Spirillum 4) Thiomargarita

Match the organism with the disease that it causes. Instructions 1) Chlamydia trachomatis 2) Chlamydophila pneumoniae 3) Chlamydophila psittaci

1) Chlamydia trachomatis --> A common sexually transmitted disease 2) Chlamydophila pneumoniae --> Atypical pneumonia 3) Chlamydophila psittaci --> Psittacosis

Campylobacter jejuni infections are commonly associated with ______.

diarrhea

I say: "Gram-negative bacteria, that are typically kidney-bean-shaped cocci in pairs. You say: -"Bordetella" -"Edwardsiella" -"Legionella" -"Neisseria"

"Neisseria"

All of the following are characteristics shared by both Helicobacter and Campylobacter EXCEPT ______. 1) they are microaerophilic 2) they are Gram-negative curved rods 3) they cause diarrheal disease in humans

3) they cause diarrheal disease in humans

Extreme thermophiles are found near ______. 1) salt mines 2) volcanic vents 3) hydrothermal vents 4) the top of mountains 5) hot springs

2) volcanic vents 3) hydrothermal vents 5) hot springs

The cells of species in the genus Neisseria are ______. 1) spiral 2) Gram-negative 3) typically found in pairs 4) Gram-positive 5) cocci

2) Gram-negative 3) typically found in pairs cocci

The purpose of storage granules produced by some bacteria is to store ______.

nutrients

Cyanobacteria living in aquatic environments can ______. 1) move vertically through a water column using gas vesicles 2) store accessory pigments in structures called chlorosomes 3) accumulate in larger numbers, which is referred to as a bloom

1) move vertically through a water column using gas vesicles 3) accumulate in larger numbers, which is referred to as a bloom

Nitrifiers can be described as bacteria that ______. 1) obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrite 2) obtain energy by reducing organic nitrogen compounds 3) are Gram-negative 4) are Gram-positive

1) obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrite 3) are Gram-negative

In a healthy individual, anaerobes can regularly be found on and in the ______. 1) skin 2) oral cavity 3) muscle tissue 4) intestinal tract 5) sterile body fluids

1) skin 2) oral cavity 4) intestinal tract -Even though the skin is exposed to oxygen, aerobes deplete oxygen in small microenvironments, which allows anaerobes to exist in these areas. -Even though the oral cavity is regularly exposed to oxygen, aerobes deplete oxygen, yielding small microenvironments that are anaerobic.

Which of the following genera of endospore formers include both obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes? 1) Clostridium 2) Bacillus

2) Bacillus

The two most common genera of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria that form endospores are ______. 1) Staphylococcus 2) Clostridium 3) Bacillus 4) Mycobacterium 5) Escherichia

2) Clostridium 3) Bacillus

Which of the following bacteria is typically a harmless resident of the skin? 1) Leuconostoc mesenteroides 2) Micrococcus luteus 3) Staphylococcus epidermidis 4) Streptococcus pyogenes

Staphylococcus epidermidis

You isolate an organism from the soil. If it turns out to be an aerobic Gram-positive rod that resembles a fungus in its pattern of growth, then it most likely belongs to the genus ______.

Streptomyces

Cyanobacteria are morphologically diverse, ranging in shape from unicellular organisms to filamentous multicellular associations.

True; Cyanobacteria are truly a morphologically diverse group of bacteria.

Enterobacteriaceae get their name because they reside in the ______ tract of humans and animals.

intestinal

A group of Gram-negative bacteria that serve as an important model in the study of developmental biology because of their unique developmental cycle that includes the production of a fruiting body are the ____

myxobacteria

The green bacteria are Gram- ____ organisms that are typically green or brownish in color.

negative

A group of Gram-negative bacteria has a spiral shape and a unique motility mechanism that allows them to move through thick, viscous substances. This group is called the ____

spirochetes

The motile cells found in sheathed bacteria are called ______ cells, and these exit through the end of the sheath.

swarmer

Scientists are interested in studying the growth of extreme ____ archaea that grow near volcanic vents and fissures because these conditions are thought to mimic early earth's environment.

thermophiles

Bdellovibrio species ______. 1) form a symbiotic relationship with certain types of fish 2) prey on Gram negative bacteria like E. coli 3) are highly motile Gram-negative curved rods 4) bore a hole in the cell wall of their prey

2) prey on Gram negative bacteria like E. coli 3) are highly motile Gram-negative curved rods 4) bore a hole in the cell wall of their prey

As a group, anaerobic chemoorganotrophs ______. 1) use an inorganic energy source to produce ATP 2) produce ATP via substrate level phosphorylation 3) can obtain energy via fermentation

2) produce ATP via substrate level phosphorylation 3) can obtain energy via fermentation

Which of the following are characteristic of Micrococcus species? 1) Gram-negative cocci 2) salt tolerant 3) obligate aerobes 4) typically pigmented 5) microaerophiles

2) salt tolerant 3) obligate aerobes 4) typically pigmented

_______ gain energy via the oxidation of reduced inorganic chemicals, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor.

Aerobic chemolithotrophs

Characterized members of the domain ______ typically thrive in extreme environments, such as high heat, acidity, alkalinity, and salinity.

Archaea

Mycobacterium species stain poorly because their cell walls contain ______.

waxy lipids called mycolic acids

Which of the following groups of bacteria is best described as a diverse group of photosynthetic Gram-negative bacteria that inhabit a wide range of environments? 1) cyanobacteria 2) proteobacteria 3) mycobacteria 4) actinobacteria

1) cyanobacteria

Which of the following are diseases caused by member of the Chlamydia and Chlamydophila species? 1) Atypical pneumonia 2) Q fever 3) Eye infections 4) Ehrlichiosis 5) Rocky Mountain spotted fever 6) A sexually transmitted infection that mimics gonorrhea 7) Psittacosis, a form of pneumonia

1) Atypical pneumonia 3) Eye infections 6) A sexually transmitted infection that mimics gonorrhea 7) Psittacosis, a form of pneumonia

Myxobacteria fulfill an important role in nature ______. 1) as degraders of complex organic substances 2) by fixing nitrogen and carbon dioxide 3) by digesting certain fungi and algae 4) by digesting bacteria

1) as degraders of complex organic substances 3) by digesting certain fungi and algae 4) by digesting bacteria

Like the green and purple bacteria, members of the genus Heliobacterium are also examples of anoxygenic phototrophs. They are ______ bacteria related to members of the genus Clostridium. 1) endospore-forming 2) rod-shaped 3) Gram-positive 4) spiral-shaped 5) Gram-negative

1) endospore-forming 2) rod-shaped 3) Gram-positive

Medically-significant members of the genus Neisseria include which of the following? 1) N. pneumoniae 2) N. gonorrhoaeae 3) N. genitalium 4) N. tuberculosis 5) N. meningitidis

2) N. gonorrhoaeae 5) N. meningitidis

Which of the following statements about microbial diversity is true? 1) Through both traditional and new molecular techniques, scientists have now identified most existing microbial species. 2) We are only now beginning to understand the diversity of prokaryotes.

2) We are only now beginning to understand the diversity of prokaryotes.

How do aerobic chemoorganotrophs obtain their energy? 1) by oxidizing chemicals like ammonia 2) by using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor 3) by oxidizing organic compounds 4) by using S as a terminal electron acceptor

2) by using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor 3) by oxidizing organic compounds

Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria ______. 1) use nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor 2) can sometimes grow in filaments 3) are Gram-negative cocci 4) can use hydrogen sulfide or thiosulfate as an energy source

2) can sometimes grow in filaments 4) can use hydrogen sulfide or thiosulfate as an energy source

Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria such as Aquifex and Hydrogenobacter are ______. 1) Gram-positive 2) obligate chemolithotrophs 3) Gram-negative 4) thermophilic 5) obligate chemoorganoheterotrophs

2) obligate chemolithotrophs 3) Gram-negative 4) thermophilic

Which of the following can be used to distinguish between members of the genus Bacillus and Clostridium? 1) their oxygen requirements 2) their ability to form endospores 3) their Gram-staining characteristics

2) their ability to form endospores