Chapter 11/12 QS Micro

Which of the following is the maximal rate of growth of a new bacterial DNA strand?

1000 nucleotides per second

Which of the following would be synthesized using 5' -CAGTTCGGA-3' as a template?

3'- GTCAAGCCT-5'

Prokaryotic ribosomes are made of a ____ and _____ subunit.

50s; 30s

One advantage to a cDNA library is that:

A cDNA library contains DNA from only the expressed genes in a cell.

The start codon is:

AUG

Quinolones are medications that target which of the following?

DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV

Match the different steps of molecular cloning to their function.

DNA ligase=joins together sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA X-gal=chromogenic substrate used for blue/white screening PCR=amplifies gene of interest restriction endonuclease=cuts both DNA containing gene of interest and vector DNA plasmid=small circular DNA used for cloning

Which enzyme is responsible for removing the RNA primer?

DNA polymerase I

Which of the following removes the primers during DNA replication in bacteria?

DNA polymerase I

Which enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction?

DNA polymerase III

Which of the following explains why primers are used in PCR?

DNA replication requires a free 3′ hydroxyl group.

The central dogma describes that flow of genetic material as:

DNA to RNA to protein

Which describes one difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?

Eukaryotes have more origins of replication than prokaryotes.

Which of the following is one important distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNA?

Eukaryotic mRNA is generally monocistronic.

A particular genotype always produces the same phenotype.

False

At 100 nucleotides per second, replication of eukaryotic DNA is faster than replication of prokaryotic DNA.

False

DNA polymerase III can add nucleotides in the 3' to 5' direction.

False

DNA probes can be used to locate any gene within a cell.

False

Due to concerns about gene transfer, genetically engineered microbes cannot be used to manufacture vaccines.

False

Every gene in a cell is used to produce proteins.

False

For cloning purposes using transduction, lytic bacteriophages are used.

False

Gene expression is the process of transferring genes from one microbe to another.

False

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl used radiolabeled phosphorus to determine that DNA replication is semiconservative.

False

Prokaryotic RNA transcripts undergo splicing.

False

RNA primases require a free 3′-OH group to add nucleotides to a growing strand.

False

Reverse transcriptase-PCR amplifies molecules of RNA.

False

Telomerase is present in bacterial cells.

False

The cDNA library allows a scientist to study an organism's genome.

False

The process of recombination only occurs in a laboratory setting.

False

The termination of DNA replication is understood far better than the initiation of DNA replication.

False

The uptake of a plasmid by a prokaryotic cell is known as transfection.

False

cDNA is made by reverse transcriptase, which is found in all viruses.

False

mRNA can be cloned directly in the laboratory.

False

Which of the following is the function of the σ factor?

It allows RNA polymerase to recognize a specific promoter in prokaryotes.

Which molecular technique is typically used to detect the amount of mRNA made through gene expression?

Northern blot

Match the technique to its primary function.

Nothern blot=used to detect sequences of RNA Southern blot=used to detect sequences of DNA microarray=used to compare gene expression between different cells PCR=used to amplify DNA

During DNA replication, the lagging strand is formed from which of the following?

Okazaki fragments

Which technique can be used to amplify DNA?

PCR

Which molecular analysis technique utilizes restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis to generate banding patterns?

RFLP

________ is often used to obtain DNA copies of a mRNA molecule.

RT-PCR

Human telomeres contain 100 to 1000 copies of which nucleotide sequence?

TTAGGG

Which of the following is the definition of genetic engineering?

The alteration of DNA in a cell

Which of the following regarding pUC19 and blue/white screening is NOT true?

The gene of interest being cloned disrupts the lacI gene.

Which of the following is the definition of biotechnology?

The use of living systems to benefit humankind

Which statement best describes selenocysteine and pyrrolysine?

They are unusual amino acids found in some bacteria and archaea.

DNA that has been cut with a restriction enzyme, resulting in sticky ends, can be more easily ligated than DNA that has been cut with a restriction enzyme resulting in blunt ends.

True

In RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil.

True

Lambda (l) bacteriophages can be used to make genomic libraries.

True

Northern blots are used to detect mRNA.

True

Primase synthesizes the RNA primer that is needed to start DNA replication.

True

Prokaryotes usually have a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotes usually have multiple origins of replication.

True

Recognition sites for restriction endonucleases are often palindromes.

True

Restriction endonucleases are produced naturally by some bacteria.

True

The repressor is bound to an inducible operon in its default state.

True

The Ames test is:

Used to identify mutants with restored biosynthetic activity.

Which of the following defines a sigma (s) factor?

a subunit of prokaryotic RNA polymerase that is important in binding to RNA?

Which virus is typically used as mechanism to transfect eukaryotic cells?

adenovirus

Which plasmid encodes the genes for its own conjugation?

an F-plasmid

Which amino acid is attached to a tRNA?

an activated amino acid?

Which of the following best describes the direction in which lagging strands are added?

as 5' to 3' Okazaki fragments in an overall 3' to 5' direction only

Which genus of bacterium is naturally competent?

bacillus

A bacterial cell may produce restriction endonucleases to protect itself again:

bacteriophages

Restriction enzymes (endonucleases) are produced by bacteria as a means of protection against which infectious agent?

bacteriophages

Cloning mRNA in the laboratory produces a molecule known as:

cDNA?

Which mutation type is only apparent under certain environmental conditions?

conditional mutations

Which of the following refers to the mechanism of horizontal gene transfer naturally responsible for the spread of antibiotic resistance genes within a bacterial population?

conjugation

The proper order for the steps of PCR are:

denaturation, annealing, extension

Which of the following are the three steps (in order) of PCR?

denaturation, annealing, extension

Which DNA replication model resulted in each daughter strand being a hybrid of parental and daughter strand DNA?

dispersive

Which sequences of eukaryotic genes code for proteins?

exons

The first genes inserted into E. coli came from a:

frog

The continuously synthesized strand of DNA is known as the:

leading strand

Which enzyme is responsible for sealing gaps between Okazaki fragments?

ligase

Which of the following is NOT involved in the initiation of replication?

ligase

Match each molecule with its function.

mRNA=carries encoded information from DNA rRNA=contributes to ribosome structure tRNA=brings in amino acids during translation

DNA has a _______ charge.

negative

Stop codons are also known as which of the following?

nonsense codons

Which component of the operon acts as the regulatory region?

operator region?

Match the genetically engineered pharmaceutical to what it can treat.

plasminogen activator=myocardial infarctions factor VIII=hemophilia DNase=cystic fibrosis interferons=cancers and viral infections

Which molecular technique separates protein fragments based on size?

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis?

The field of _________ is the study of proteins produced by organisms.

proteomics

Ultraviolet radiation causes the formation of:

pyrimidine dimers

Which of the following is a next-generation sequencing technique in which fragmented DNA has DNA adapters attached, is amplified by PCR, is attached to a bead, and then is placed into a well with sequencing reagents. The flash of light produced by the release of pyrophosphate on addition of a nucleotide is monitored.

pyrosequencing

Which gene in a plasmid allows a researcher to distinguish recombinant cells from non-recombinant cells?

reporter gene

Bacterial enzymes that are used in recombinant DNA technology are known as:

restriction endonucleases

DNA replication occurs using a _________ model.

semiconservative

During bacterial DNA replication, which of the following holds open the replication bubble?

single-strand binding proteins

For protein electrophoresis to function, which of the following can be added to the protein to impart a uniform negative charge?

sodium dodecyl sulfate

Which of the following uses rolling circle replication?

some bacteria, some plasmids, and some viruses

Which of the following enzymes involved in DNA replication is unique to eukaryotes?

telomerase

The noncoding, repetitive sequences at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes are called which of the following?

telomeres

What does the σ factor recognize?

the -35 consensus sequence in prokaryotes

The central dogma describes which of the following?

the steps of gene expression

You are in the process of cloning a gene of interest into pUC19 using blue/white screening. You complete your cloning and transform E. coli with your cloned plasmid. You plate your transformation on two media. One medium agar plate contains X-gal only. The second medium agar plate contains X-gal and ampicillin (an antibiotic), in the hope of using blue/white screening. You examine your plates and see a mixture of blue and white colonies. Which of the following colonies should be picked?

the white colonies that are resistant to ampicillin

Match the enzyme with its role in prokaryotic DNA replication.

topoisomerase II=relaxes supercoils and relieves stress on DNA topoisomerase IV=cuts DNA to release concatenated chromosomes and reseals the DNA DNA polymerase III=adds nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction to produce the new complementary strand of DNA during replication DNA polymerase I=a exonuclease that removes RNA primers

Which of the following methods is NOT used to insert DNA into a bacterial cell?

transcription

Which process converts DNA to RNA?

transcription

Which of the following refers to the uptake of naked DNA from the surrounding environment?

transformation

Once an organism has recombinant DNA inserted, it is known as a ________ organism.

transgenic

DNA molecules that can carry DNA fragments from one organism to another are often called:

vectors