Chapter 12-13-The1920s:An Unsettled Decade

Socco and Vanzetti

-Italian immigrants arrested for murder; executed with no physical evidence

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Georgia O'Keefe

1920's American painter who developed her own style of showing abstract studies of color and light, favored nature

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

American Plan

A business-oriented approach to worker relations popular among firms in the 1920s to defeat unionization. Managers sought to strengthen their communication with workers and to offer benefits like pensions and insurance. They insisted on an "open shop" in contrast to the mandatory union membership through the "closed shop" that many labor activists had demanded in the strike after World War I.

Model T

A cheap and simple car designed by Ford. It allowed for more Americans to own a car.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Prohibition

A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages 18th amendments

Installment Plan

A payment plan that allows customers to make payments at set intervals over a period of time until the total debt is paid

Red Scare

A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities

Paul Robeson

African American concert singer whose passport was revoked and was blacklisted from the stage, screen, radio and television under the McCarran Act of the red scare of the 1950s due to his public criticism of American racist tendencies.

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Speakeasies

An illegal bar where drinks were sold, during the time of prohibition. It was called a Speakeasy because people literally had to speak easy so they were not caught drinking alcohol by the police.

Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

Harlem Renaissance

Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.

Amelia

Earhart First female pilot to cross the Atlantic. She disappeared while trying to fly around the world.

KDKA

First commercial radio station

Jazz singer

First movie with sound. Made in 1927 starring Al Jolson

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Advertising

Impersonal, one-way mass communication about a product or organization that is paid for by a marketer

Assembly Line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

fads

Interest or practices followed enthusiastically for a relatively short period of time

Louis Armstrong

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Synthetic

Made or put together by people, something artificial

Consumer Society

Many Americans in the 1950s became infatuated with all of the new products produced by technology and went out and purchased more than any prior generation; consumer tastes of the decade were largely dictated by advertising and television.

Jazz age

Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime

American Civil Liberties Unions

Organization founded during World War I to protest the suppression of freedom of expression in wartime; played a major role in court cases that achieved judicial recognition of Americans' civil liberties.

expatriates

People who leave their own country to live in a foreign land.

Bootleggers

People who produced, smuggled, or sold alcoholic beverages illegally during the era of Prohibition

Farm Bloc

Progressive Republican Congressmen (West and mid-West) who tried to help the farmer and rancher with the Packers and Stockyards Act, the Copper Volstead Act, the Intermediate Credits Act and promoted the McNary-Haugen Bill

Disarmament

Reduction of armed forces and weapons

"Babe" Ruth

The greatest baseball player of the 1920's. He set a record for hitting 60 home runs in one season.

Strikes

The unions' method for having their demands met. Workers stop working until the conditions are met. It is a very effective form of attack.

What is the UNIA?

United Negro Improvement Association

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Flappers

Young women in the 1920s who challenged social traditions with their dress and behavior

Universal Negro Improvement

a black nationalist fraternal organization founded by Marcus Garvey. The organization enjoyed its greatest strength in the 1920s, prior to Garvey's deportation from the United States of America, after which its prestige and influence declined. Since a schism in 1949, there have been two organizations claiming the name.

Association

a group of people who have gathered based on similar goals or beliefs

Demobilization

act of changing from a war basis to a peace basis including disbanding or discharging troops

Xenophobia

fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners

Indian Citizenship Act

gives Native Americans citizenship and the right to vote in federal elections

talkies

motion pictures with synchronized sound for dialogue

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

18/21 Amendment

prohibition of alcohol repealing prohibition

Fordney - McCumber Tariff

raised taxes on U.S. imports to 60%-the highest level ever. The tax protected US business - especially in the chemical and metal industries - from foreign competition, but made it impossible for Britain and France to sell enough goods in the US to repay debts

Alfred Stieglitz

supported modern painters like Cezanne and Picasso through exhibitions in his gallery 291, his gallery 291, American photographer and modern art promoter who was instrumental over his fifty-year career in making photography an accepted art form; also known for the New York art galleries that he ran in the early part of the 20th century, where he introduced many avant-garde European artists to the U.S; was married to Georgia O'Keeffe; wrote extensively on the relation of photography to the other visual arts

Jim Thorpe

was a Sac and Fox athlete of Native American and European ancestry. Considered one of the most versatile athletes of modern sports, he won Olympic gold medals for the 1912 pentathlon and decathlon, played American football (collegiate and professional), and also played professional baseball and basketball