chapter 12

Which of the following is a characteristic of baseline designs?

A subject typically remains under a given experimental treatment until the baseline meets a stability criterion.

_____ is a potentially serious problem that arises if baseline levels of performance cannot be revoked during reversal.

An unrecoverable baseline

Which of the following statements is true about the single-subject approach?

Causal relationships can be established by using even just one subject.

_____ designs employ a continuously varying independent variable.

Dynamic

In the simplest case, a baseline design involves exposing a subject to a(n) _____ phase to assess the subject's behavior in the absence of an experimental treatment.

baseline

The _____ design was developed primarily by B. F. Skinner and his followers.

baseline

If you focus on how behavior changes immediately following a change in the level of an independent variable, you are studying:

behavioral dynamics.

In single-subject designs, uncontrolled variability produced by extraneous variables is handled:

by tight experimental control.

Which of the following terms refers to extensions that incorporate aspects of the original experiment while changing others?

Systematic replication

In the context of the types of single-subject baseline design, which of the following is a characteristic of AB designs, where A refers to the baseline phase and B refers to the intervention phase of an experiment?

They present only a single administration of each condition and thus lack intrasubject replication.

Despite intersubject variability, the within-subjects approach worked because:

all correct

. In the _____ design, individual subjects receive each treatment condition of an experiment dozens of times.

discrete trials

Unlike the baseline design, the discrete trials design:

does not produce a continuous within-treatment baseline that can be adjusted and fine-tuned.

Unlike group-based designs, a baseline design _____.

focuses on the behavior of a single subject both within and across experimental treatments

Intersubject replication helps establish the _____ of data in a single-subject baseline design.

generality

In a single-subject baseline design, multiple subjects are included in an experiment so that:

generality of the findings across subjects can be established.

Some researchers argue that the desired level of control is difficult to achieve and suggest:

hat inferential statistics may provide a solution in such cases.

In a baseline design, a subject typically remains under a given experimental treatment until a behavioral baseline meets a stability criterion, which _____.

imposes an objective rule for deciding that the baseline has stabilized

In the context of problem baselines, even if all subjects show similar baseline levels during a baseline phase, the particular levels obtained may not be useful for evaluating the effect of subsequent manipulations. This gives rise to the problem of _____.

inappropriate baseline levels

In a baseline design, the phase of an experiment during which a subject is exposed to an experimental treatment is called the _____ phase.

intervention

In the simplest case, a baseline design involves exposing a subject to a(n) _____ phase to assess the subject's behavior during the application of an experimental treatment.

intervention

A problem with the single-subject approach is that it:

is inappropriate for many research applications.

Drifting baselines arise in cases in which:

it may prove impossible to stabilize a baseline against slow, systematic changes.

The main advantage of the single-subject approach is:

its focus on controlling error variance.

Waiting for your subject's behavior to "settle down" before going to the next phase of an experiment exemplifies a:

stability criterion.

The group approach assumes that if experimental controls fail to reduce uncontrolled variation, then _____ should be used to control it.

statistical methods

In baseline designs, when a subject is exposed to each of the two phases twice, a baseline phase and an intervention phase, it yields a(n) _____ design.

ABAB

In the context of baseline designs, which of the following statements is true about intrasubject replication?

It allows to establish the reliability of the collected observations within each phase.

B. F. Skinner and his followers established their own journal, the _____, because they were unwilling to use inferential statistics to establish the reliability of their findings, making it increasingly difficult to get their results published.

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

_____ was pioneered by Sir Frances Galton.

The application of statistical techniques to the study of individual differences

Partially recoverable baselines pose few problems for analysis as long as:

a clear, replicable change remains in the levels of performance across treatments.

In the changing criterion design, one begins with _____.

a baseline phase to assess the current level of a target behavior

The ABAB design provides a:

complete intrasubject replication of an experiment.

Using multiple observations taken within a treatment as an estimate of uncontrolled error variance is upset by:

serial dependency.

The pioneering experimentalists:

managed to identify important psychological phenomena.

When the usual statistical procedures developed for group designs are to be applied to data from single-subject designs, the most straightforward approach is to use the:

multiple observations taken within a treatment to provide an estimate of uncontrolled error variance.

When treatments cause irreversible changes in behavior, _____ designs can be used

multiple-baseline

Using multiple levels of an independent variable in single-subject designs presents certain problems because:

only one or a few subjects are tested, and completely counterbalancing the order of treatments across subjects is not usually possible.

The multiple-baseline design uses an untreated behavior as a:

partial control for time-correlated changes that may confound the effect of an independent variable.

During an experiment that uses a baseline design, behavior during a baseline phase

provides an assessment of behavior in the absence of an experimental treatment.

Adjustment and fine-tuning of baselines over time:

provides an extended opportunity to identify previously unsuspected important variables.

A _____ is designed to assess whether any changes in a baseline level produced by an intervention are revocable.

reversal strategy

When the baselines of different subjects in an experiment level off at very different values even though the conditions imposed on the subjects are nominally identical, you have the problem of:

unequal baselines between subjects.

With the advent of the group approach, the single-subject approach:

waned in popularity.

Those who advocate applying inferential statistics to data from single-subject designs:

would not want to use statistics as a substitute for control over variables and replication.

You conduct a single-subject experiment to see whether you can reduce disruptive behavior in a third-grader, Jonathon, by ignoring instances when he talks out of turn. You first observe his behavior under normal conditions, and then after his teacher has been instructed to ignore him when he talks out of turn. You find that his talking out of turn is reduced when it is ignored. In this scenario, _____.

you cannot safely conclude that your treatment changed his behavior because your treatment is confounded with time