Chapter 12

The social psychologist who is best known for his pioneering studies of conformity is Select one: a. Solomon Asch. b. Stanley Milgram. c. Leon Festinger. d. Phillip Zimbardo.

a. Solomon Asch.

The discomfort we feel when our thoughts and behaviors are inconsistent is called Select one: a. cognitive dissonance. b. an attribution. c. role playing. d. an attitude.

a. cognitive dissonance.

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called Select one: a. group polarization. b. social facilitation. c. mood linkage. d. the chameleon effect.

a. group polarization.

During deliberations on a rape case, some of the jurors commented that the victim had a history of going out to various bars and had been dressed too provocatively. Looking like that, they believed, she asked to be assaulted. The jurors' comments are best explained in terms of Select one: a. the just-world phenomenon. b. implicit prejudice. c. the scapegoat theory. d. unconscious patronization.

a. the just-world phenomenon.

Prejudice is best defined as Select one: a. the tendency to favor members of one's own group. b. an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. c. a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. d. the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate.

b. an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.

Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which Select one: a. little communication is possible. b. individuals share a similar opinion. c. each individual has a unique perspective. d. individuals have not formed any opinion.

b. individuals share a similar opinion.

Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another? Select one: a. developmental psychology b. social psychology c. personality psychology d. clinical psychology

b. social psychology

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of Select one: a. the self-fulfilling prophecy. b. the mere exposure effect. c. mirror-image perceptions. d. a social trap.

b. the mere exposure effect.

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called Select one: a. ingroup bias. b. the other-race effect. c. outgroup homogeneity. d. scapegoating.

b. the other-race effect.

The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to Select one: a. behave according to our feelings rather than our beliefs. b. change our attitude because it differs from our behavior. c. comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request. d. attribute strangers' behavior to their personal dispositions.

c. comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.

Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to Select one: a. play the role of prison guards. b. write an essay supporting a position they didn't believe in. c. deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers. d. participate in a team tug-of-war by pulling on a rope as hard as they could.

c. deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers.

Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of Select one: a. deindividuation. b. informational social influence. c. normative social influence. d. social facilitation.

c. normative social influence.

After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in the large company for which she worked, Jorana developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on attitudes. Select one: a. cognitive dissonance b. peripheral route persuasion c. role playing d. dispositional attributions

c. role playing

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because Select one: a. the "learners" made so few learning errors under stressful circumstances. b. the "teachers" actually enjoyed shocking another person. c. the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted. d. the "learners" obediently accepted painful shocks without any protest.

c. the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted.

Social psychologists have observed people's willingness to pick up dropped coins or pencils in elevators in order to study the Select one: a. self-fulfilling prophecy. b. mere exposure effect. c. reciprocity norm. d. bystander effect.

d. bystander effect

Creating groups based on the outcome of a coin toss leads people to favor their own new group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates Select one: a. outgroup homogeneity. b. implicit prejudice. c. the just-world phenomenon. d. ingroup bias

d. ingroup bias

Which theory most clearly suggests that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame when things go wrong? Select one: a. discrimination b. the just-world phenomenon c. unconscious patronization d. scapegoat theory

d. scapegoat theory

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of others. Select one: a. attitudes; cognitive dissonance b. cognitive dissonance; attitudes c. personal dispositions; situational influences d. situational influences; personal dispositions

d. situational influences; personal dispositions

When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, when she had a flat tire on a busy freeway, an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates Select one: a. the fundamental attribution error. b. the mere exposure effect. c. group polarization. d. the bystander effect.

d. the bystander effect.

The tendency in individualist cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called Select one: a. cognitive dissonance. b. an attitude. c. foot-in-the-door phenomenon. d. the fundamental attribution error.

d. the fundamental attribution error.