Chapter 12
describe the whole language vs. phonics approaches to beginning reading instruction.
Whole language approach argued that from the beginning, children should be exposed to text in its complete form- stories, poems, letters, posters, and lists- so that they can appreciate the communicative function of written language. Phonics approach, believing that children should first be coached on phonics - the basic rule for translating writing symbols into sounds. only after mastering these skills should they get complex reading material.
what is cognitive map? Describe developmental changes in children cognitive maps during middle childhood. what are some culture differences ?
Cognitive map is their mental representations of familiar large-scale spaces such as their neighborhood or school. 9 to 10 year old have trouble placing stickers on map to indicate the location of colored flags with in a large scale out door environmental. The indian depicted many landmarks of features of social life in a small area near her home. The US boy drew more extended space and highlighted main streets and key directions but included few landmarks and people.
what is the impact of culture and schooling on concrete operational thought? What experiences seem to promote children's mastery of Piagetian tasks? How do the conservation skills of children from tribal and village societies compare to those of children in Western industrilized nations?
Conservation is delayed in tribal and village societies, basic conservation task such as number,length and liquid are not understood untill age 11. The very experience of going to school seems to promote mastery of Piagtians tasks.
What is emotional intelligence? Is it correlated with IQ? other skills?
Emotional intelligence refers to a set of emotional abilities that enable individuals to process and adapt emotional information. Modestly associated with IQ, Positively associated with self-esteem, empathy, prosocial behavior, and life satisfaction, coorporation, leadership skills. Neg by drug, alcohol use, depression, agressive behavior.
what is an important limitation of conrete operational thought?
"Children think in an organized logical fashion only when dealing with concrete information they can perceive directly"
what is the class inclusion problem?what cognitive skill does it measure? how do school age children differ in this skill? compared to pre schoolers?
...4.) Class-inclusion problem is: between ages 7 and 10, children pass Piaget's class inclusion problem. This indicates that they are more aware of classification hierarchies and can focus on relations between a general category and two specific categories at the same time-that is, on three relations at once. Example is when Piaget asked if there are more red flowers or flowers?, the answer was more red flowers, failing to realize that both red and blue flowers are included in the category "flowers".
Describe how grammical skills change during middle childhood?
...Use of the passive voice expands - Understanding of infinitive phrases becomes more advanced
Charactertics of bilingual children
...code switching, Children who become fluent in two languages develop denser gray matter in left-hemisphere areas devoted to language are advanced in selective attention, analytical reasoning, concept formation, and cognitive flexibility, as well as certain aspects of metalinguistic awareness
How much does children vocabulary increase during middle childhood?
.Increases fourfold during school years, reaching about 40,000 words 20 new words a day
4 steps of sequence that children undergo when acquriring selective, adaptive and attentional strategies?
1. Production deficiency- preschoolers rarely engage in attentional strategies. In other words, they fail to produce strategies when they could be helpful. 2. Control deficiency- Young elementary school children sometimes produce stategies but non consistently. They fail to control or excecute , strategies effectively. (3)Utilization deficiency: Slightly older children execute strategies consistently, but their performance does not improve. (4)Effective strategy use: By the mid-elementary school years, children use strategies consistently, and performance improves.
What is ADHD? whar are some symptoms ? orgins? most common treatment?
ADHD is attention-dificit hyperactive discorder. Symptoms - Cannot stay task focused for more than a few minutes - Often ignore social rules and lash out when frustrated Origins - Highly heritable, but also associated with environmental factors - Correlated with a stressful home life Treatment - Stimulant medication reduces symptoms in 70% of children; however, these drugs have risks. - Medication combined with interventions that model and reinforce appropriate behavior work best
What is Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence? what role do biological process education, and culture play? What empeirical support is there for his theory?
Hypothesized at least 8 independent intelligences on the basis of distinct sets of processing operations that permit individuals to engage in a wide variety of culturally valued activities -- Linguistic Linguistic -- Logico Logico--mathematical mathematical -- Musical Musical -- Spatial Spatial -- Bodily Bodily--kinesthetic kinesthetic -- Naturalist Naturalist -- Interpersonal Interpersonal -- Intrapersonal Intrapersonal Hypothesized that each "intelligence" has a - unique biological basis and a - distinct course of development But, process of education is also required transform any raw potential into a mature social role Limitation: Neurological evidence for the independence of the 8 intelligences is weak Also, Cultural values and learning opportunities affect the extent to which a childs intellectual strengths are realized and the way they are expressed.
traditional, contructionist and social constructivist classrooms?
In traditional classroom, the teacher is sole authority for knowledge, rules and decision makindgand does most of the talking. Students are relatively passive - listening responding when called on, and completing teacher assigned tasks. Their progress is evaluated by how well they keep pace with a uniform set of standards for their grade. Constructivist classroom: in contrast encourages students to construct their own knowledge. although cc vary, many are grounded in Piaget's theory, which views children as active agents who reflect on and coordinates their own thoughts rather than absorbing those of others. A glace inside cc classroom reveals richly equipped learning centers, small groups and individuals solving self chosen problems and a teacher who guides and supports in response to children needs. Students are evaluated by considering their progress in relation to their own prior. Social cc, children participate in wide range of challening activities with teachers and peers, with whom they jointly construct understandings. As children appropriate ( take for themselves) the knowlege and stratigies generated from working together they become competent contributing members of their classroom community and advanced in cognitive and social development.
Be familiar with Sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence
It is made of 3 broad, interacting intelligence: 1. analytical intelligence or information processing skills 2. creative intelligence, the capacity to solve novel problems and 3. practical intelligence, application of intellectual skills in everyday situations. Intelligent behavior involves balancing all three intelligence to achieve success in life according to ones personal goals and the requirements of ones cultural community
What is creativity? What is the difference between divergent and convergent thinking? How is d- thinking assessed?
It is the abiltiy to produce work that is orginal yet apporpriate. Something others have not yet thought of that is useful in someway. D- is the generation of multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a task or problem. convergent thinking involves arriving at a single correct answer and is emphasized on intelligence teset
What is stereotype threat? Give an example?
It is the fear of being juged on the basis of negitive sterotype can trigger anxiety that interfers with performance example is the test given to children from different backgrounds and saying one is a test and the other one isnt.
What is cognitive self regulation?
The process of continuously monitoring process toward a goal, checking outcomes, redirecting unsuccessful efforts.
in what ways was Piaget correct in his characterization of children concrete operational thought? in what ways do people today feel hes in correct?
Piaget was correct that school aged children approach many problems in more organized rational ways than preschoolers. Bur disagreement continues over whether this difference occurs because continuous improvements in logical skills or discontinuous restructuring of children thinking.
What is selective attention? List 3 ways attention changes during middle school. give examples of each.
Selective: From 6 to12 years, children become better at deliberately attending to just those aspects of a situation that are relevant to their goals Adaptable: Older children can flexibly adapt their attention to task requirements Planful: Planning improves greatly: - School-age children can scan detailed pictures and written materials for similarities and differences better than preschoolers - On complex tasks, school-age children make decisions about what to do first and next, in an orderly fashion page 443
What is theory of mind? False belief or secondary false belief?
Set of beliefs about mental activities, become much more elaborate and refined. ( metacognition ) One's mental inferences may not be the same One's mental inferences may not be the same as another person's mental inferences -- "False belief" task (e.g., crayon box) Schoolcoo--age children develop age children develop ""second secon--order false order false belief" -- the idea that people's beliefs about other people's the idea that people's beliefs about other people's beliefs can be wrong -- Once this happens, they
According to neo-Piagetians what are alternative explanations for development of concrete operrational thought in middle childhood?
Some neo Piagetians therosts argue that the development of operational thinking can be best be understood in terms of gains in information processing speed rather than a sudden shift to new stage page 441
What is dynamic assessment? When and why is it used
an innovation consistent with Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, the adult introduces purposeful teaching into the testing situation to find out what the child can attain with social support. - used to reduce cultural bias in testing, reduce high-stake testing
Be familiar with heritability estimates and how they are derived. Be able to describe problems using heritability estimates to explain individual differences in IQ.
are obtained from kinship, studies which compare family members. The most powerful evidence on the role of heredity in IQ involves twin comparisons. identical twins are more similar than faternal twins. Genetics: Accounts for about half of differences in IQ
in what Piagetian stage of the cognitive deverlopment are 7-11year olds?
concrete operational stage
define operations, decentration, reversibility, and conservation
operations: is mental actions that obey logical rules. decentration is focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating thrm, rather than centering on just one. reversibility is the capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction , returning to the starting point. conservation is the understanding thst certain physical characteristics of objects remain the main even when their outward apperance changes.
What are children memory stategies during middle childhood and how they change?
rehearsal: repeating information to her self. Organization: grouping related items together; stating catagorey names. End of childhood children use elaboration which is creating relationship, or shared meaning between 2 or more meanings peices of information that are not members of of the same category.
what is seriation? what is transitive inference? examples?
seriation is the ability to order items along a quantitive dimension such as length or weight. example is kids putting stick of different lengths in order. 6 and 7 year olds can do this. transitive inference is the concrete operational child can also seriate mentally ex. is that stick A is longer then stickB, stick B longer then stick C and A is longer than C. 7 -8 year old can do this
What is metalinguistic awareness? example
the ability to think about language as a system.
What has adoption research show regarding the IQ of ethnic minority children from low income background who were adopted into middle SES homes during the first year of life?
the children with low IQ scores scored above average in IQ, shows that test performance can be greatly improved by advantage of home life.
