Chapter 12 Anthropology

two kinds of cultural control

(1) Internalized or self-control : what is proper and what is not. (2) Externalized control: sanctions or social directives designed to coerce conformity to cultural standards of what is socially acceptable behavior.

characteristics of uncentralized political systems

-marriage and kinship form their principle means of social organization -economies are primarily of subsistence type with small populations -important decisions are made among adults -power is shared

Characteristics of centralized political systems

-political authority is concentrated on a single individual or group of individuals. -relies on institutionalized power, authority, and even coercion.

Chiefdom

A politically organized territory centrally ruled by a chief heading a kin-based society with prestige ranking and a redistributive economy.

Kapauku

Big man is called "tonowi" aka rich one - male, wealthy, generous, and eloquent. Represents the group and acts as judge when conflicts occur within the group. Acquires political power by giving loans.

what is the organizing political unit in many tribal societies

Clan - people who consider themselves descended from a common ancestor. or they can be the "Big Man"

Example of band - Bushmen

Consists of family groups that have a head leader - punishment of wrongdoing is usually led by gossip and resolutions are among all adults for what is equal to everyone rather than rules or laws.

Politics

The process of determining who get what, when, and how

Big Man in Malanesia

Tribe group. Leadership is informal - power is personal (holds no political office) - Prestige is to gain followers who benefit from or depend on his success.

state

a political institution established to manage and defend a complex, socially stratified society occupying a defined territory.

difference between authority and coercion

authority is based on the socially accepted rules or codified laws binding people together as a society.

Uncentralized systems

bands and tribes

four basic kinds of political systems

bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states

law in centralized vs. uncentralized political systems

centralized - authority rests with government and court system. uncentralized - give authority directly to injured party

centralized systems

chiefdoms and states

What non-violent approaches do humans use to resolve conflicts?

diplomacies, treaties

coercion

imposition of obedience or submission by force or intimidation. Centralized political systems may rely on this

Nation

people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, language, territorial base, and history.

pluralistic societies

societies in which two or more ethnic groups or nationalities are politically organized into one territorial state but maintain their cultural differences. (About 75% of the worlds states)

who plays a central role in maintaining social order across the globe

state governments and inter nation political coalitions

tribe

uncentralized system - wide range of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, culture, language, and territory

band

uncentralized system relatively small and loosely organized kin-ordered group that inhabits a specific territory and that may split periodically into smaller extended family groups that are politically and economically independent.