Chapter 12: Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450-1600

What was the set of complex interactions that connected African labor, American land and mineral resources, and European technology and military power?

Atlantic System

The text explains, "Whereas Aztec and Inca rulers had used conscripted labor to build up their public wealth, the Spaniards did so for private gain." What does this statement mean?

Aztec and Inca rulers required people to work on infrastructure projects, such as terraced farmland and irrigation canals. By contrast, Spaniards required others to mine gold and silver in order to increase their own private wealth.

The conquest of the Aztec Empire was exclusively a fight between the Aztecs and the Spaniards; the Spaniards won primarily because of their superior weaponry.

False

Martin Luther would have considered the following statement true

The Catholic Church teaches empty rituals instead of faith. It is important to be able to read (or hear) the Bible in your own language so that you have direct access to Christian truth. Priests are not necessary or beneficial

Which of the following passages form the text describe the effects of the Columbian exchange?

"In many ways this area, which saw the rise of a group of powerful slave-supplying kingdoms in the 18th century...owed its prosperity to the cultivation of this New World crop." "The Chinese found that they could grow corn in areas too dry for rice and too wet for wheat, while corn replaced....Africa's major food grains, sorghum, millet, and rice" "Amerindian accounts of the fall of Tenochtitlan recalled the smallpox epidemic more vividly than the fighting"

16th Century prosperity in Ming China opened up new opportunities for women. Which fo these positions could women hold?

* writer * entertainer * healer

Events and Ideas in order, Beginning with the event or ideas that set the others into motion.

1. Martin Luther translated the Bible into German so that Germans who could not read or speak Latin could understand it. 2. Protestant reformers across Europe begin to translate the Bible into their own spoke languages. 3. Numerous Protestant sects like Calvinism and Puritanism proliferated and spread across Europe. 4. Religious conflict within and between countries led to new national and political allegiances across Europe. 1. Martin Luther translation of bible in German 2. translation into other languages 3. Sects spread across Europe 4. Religious conflict causes national and political allegiances in Europe

Based on the Map these statements are likely true about Ming China in the 1600s.

Chinese merchants engaged in maritime trade in Chinese ships, rather than simply waiting for foreign merchants to come to them. China's manufacturing of ceramics was largely geared toward maritime commerce. Latin American sugar was not sold in China as of 1600.

Consider these 2 images (one old and one modern) of Cortes and Dona Maria meeting Mesoamerican rulers. What points of view do you think the two artist are expressing about these meetings?

Dona Marina was instrumental in helping Cortes understand and interact with Mesoamerican leaders. Cortes and the Mesoamerican leaders treated one another as equals.

Ming China was home to one-third of the global population in the mid-seventeenth century, and its cities were rich and varied cultural hubs. How was this economic and cultural vibrancy related to growing European trade?

Europeans saw Chinese products as cultured and luxurious, and China's growing economy needed silver.

Companies like the English East India Company, generally wanted to be active in Asia, whereas religious organizations, like the Jesuits, avoided interacting with non-Europeans.

False

Consider this image of of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre in France. If Akbar's subjects in the Mughal Empire viewed this painting, they might have been confused by the European architecture, but they would probably have identified with the religious strife depicted in the image.

False

Portugal used the same system in both the Indian Ocean and Brazil: it took control of key port cities, taxed local merchants, took a cut of the profits on items that moved through the port, and didn't interfere with the flow of goods.

False

This image was likely created by a Spanish conquistador, it shows the Spaniards were powerful fighters who were outnumbered by their Amerindian allies and their Aztec enemies.

False

Match the person to the statement he / she may have made about European explorers

Guangzhou resident - " The Europeans are allowed limited access to our city so they can buy our goods. They're ill-mannered nuisances, but we let them trade with us because they have plenty of silver" Cuzco resident - " The Europeans murdered our king and required us to worship their god. We fought back for years, but they now control our city and force us to mine silver for them." Agra resident - "I hear Europeans control a few distant coastal cities. They moved in while our empire was still expanding, before we controlled the coasts. Sometimes they visit our king to discuss religion and economics"

Methods used by Spanish or Portuguese explorers and conquerors in the place it was used

Indian Ocean: * Gained Control of Port Cities * taxed local merchants and took a share of trade profits on all business moving through the ports. Americas: * gained control of both coastal and inland areas, including major cities. Indian Ocean & Americas: *gunpowder and cannons for attack and intimidation

According to the text, global trade grew during this time period because significant economic growth increased the demand for silver in two empires. Which 2 empires were this?

Ming China and Mughal Empire

Match Circumstances with Adaptations - Spanish / Portuguese adapted in order to fit the regions they controlled

Modification of preexisting labor drafts to meet workforce needs in silver mines -Established system of conscript labor in Inca territory Establishment of major inland cities, like Mexico City and Cuzco - Preexisting cities like Tenochtitlan and the Inca Capital Extensive Fertile land in Brazil - establishment of massive plantations by settlers who lived feudal lords in dispersed settlements. Very limited local labor supply in Brazil - Importation of millions of African slaves.

In what ways did Protestant teachings challenge the existing social order in Europe?

Protestanism challenged the role of Catholic clergy, asserting that they were unnecessary. Protestanism challenged the Catholic-backed hierarchy of feudalism. Portestanism challenged the power of Southern Europe over Northern Europe.

Columbus said of the Tainos in the Caribbean, "I showed them swords and they took them by the edge and through ignorance cut themselves." On the island of Hispaniola, he said "he had found what he was looking for" -- meaning gold. Cabral said the inhabitants of Brazil had "all the innocence of Adam" and that their land "if rightly cultivated would yield everything." Which statement most accurately interprets the predictions of Columbus and Cabral about the Americas?

Spanish and Portuguese explorers believed the Americas to be filled with easy-to-obtain wealth and easy-to-conquer people.

What were the two major powers that Spain conquered in the Americas?

The Aztecs and the Inca

What do historians call the global transfer of plants, animals, people, and microorganisms that took place after Columbus's voyages?

The Columbian exchange

the text describes the new English East India Company, which entered the Asian marketplace in 1594. How was this trading venture funded, and why were its supporters willing to finance it?

The English East India Company was owned by 101 shareholders who liked the fact that the English government allowed only their company to import goods from Asia into England.

The following government policies led to increases in global trade interactions during the time period from 1450 to 1600

The Ottoman government appointed Bedouin tribes to guide and protect (for a fee) caravan parties on the Silk Road. The Ming government reconstructed the Grand Canal, linking Beijing and the lower Yangtze region.

What religious movement was based on the ideas of Martin Luther and Jean Calvin?

The Protestant Reformation

Based on the map

The Spanish and Portuguese were extending their control over the Americas during approximately the same period when the Mughals were expanding their empire in India.

How did the Catholic Church respond to the challenges posed by Protestant reformers?

The church held the Council of Trent, at which church leaders both reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and addressed corruption in the institituion. Ignatius Loyola formed a new order of priests, the Jesuits, whose goal was the revival of the Catholic Church. Jesuit priests traveled the world, spreading Catholic doctrines and converting people to Catholicism.

What kinds of goods were produced in China and exported to the rest of the world during Chinese exports and imports in 1600.

cotton cloth, ceramics, paper and coins

Consider Cortes's description of his actions as he headed into Tenochtitlan "...a Spaniard saw an Indian...eating a piece of flesh taken from the body of an Indian who had been killed...I had the culprit burned, explaining that the cause was his having killed that Indian and eaten him, which was prohibited by Your Majesty, and by me in Your Royal name. I further made the chief understand that all the people...must abstain from this custom...I came...to protect their lives as well as their prosperity, and to teach them that they were to adore but one God." Based on this passage, how might Cortes have described his purpose in Mexico?

end cannibalism teach Amerindians about the Christian God Protect lives and property in the name of the Spanish King

Developments that are closely associated with the production and export of commodities were

funds to wage war with the Netherlands brutal, forced labor of Africans and Amerindians new wealth for families of European descent who became powerful in the colonies growth of the economies of Afro-European workers to the Americas.

What were the religious consequences of the Ottoman Empire's expansion?

People of many different religions lived within the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire. Conflict with the Safavid Empire hardened the Ottoman's commitment to Sunni Islam. European Christians temporarily put aside their religious differences.

Portuguese mariners used a number of technologies to enter and gain control of Indian Ocean trade routes. What technologies did they combine?

* astrolabes and compasses * caravels * gunpowder and cannons