chapter 12: infection

A nurse is caring for a client with ringworm. Which of the following microorganisms causes ringworm in a client? Helminths Protozoans Rickettsiae Fungi

Fungi

Painless chancres are associated with which systemic disease? Psoriasis Kaposi sarcoma Urticaria Syphilis

Syphilis

A 70-year-old client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has a respiratory infection being treated with antibiotics. He is also taking oral corticosteroids to assist in decreasing the inflammation in the lungs. The client is prone to Superinfection Respiratory distress Nausea and vomiting Purpura

Superinfection

A long-term care facility is the site of an outbreak of infectious diarrhea. The nurse educator has emphasized the importance of hand hygiene to staff members. The use of alcohol-based cleansers may be ineffective if the causative microorganism is identified as what? Shigella Norovirus Clostridium difficile Escherichia coli

Clostridium difficile

A patient with an upper respiratory infection (common cold) tells the nurse, "I am so angry with the nurse practitioner because he would not give me any antibiotics." What would be the most accurate response by the nurse? "Let me talk to him and see what we can do." "Antibiotics have no effect on viruses." "Why do you think you need an antibiotic?" "I know what you mean; you need an antibiotic."

"Antibiotics have no effect on viruses"

The nurse is instructing the family on home care of a client with shingles. The family member asks whether their teenage children should stay in a different room. What is the best response by the nurse? "Because the client is in quite a bit of pain, it would probably be best." "No, shingles is not contagious." "Have they had chickenpox or the varicella vaccine?" "Yes, shingles is highly contagious."

"Have they had chickenpox or the varicella vaccine?"

A client on airborne precautions asks the nurse to leave his door open. What is the nurse's best reply? "I have to keep your door shut at all times. I'll open the curtains so that you don't feel so closed in." "I'll keep the door open for you, but please try to avoid moving around the room too much." "I can open your door if you wear this mask." "I can open your door, but I'll have to come back and close it in a few minutes."

"I have to keep your door shut at all times. I'll open the curtains so that you don't feels so closed in"

A clinic nurse is caring for a male client diagnosed with gonorrhea who has been prescribed ceftriaxone and doxycycline. The client asks why he is receiving two antibiotics. What is the nurse's best response? "There are many drug-resistant strains of gonorrhea, so more than one antibiotic may be required for successful treatment." "The combination of these two antibiotics reduces the later risk of reinfection." "Many people infected with gonorrhea are infected with chlamydia as well." "This combination of medications will eradicate the infection twice as fast than a single antibiotic."

"Many people infected with gonorrhea are infected with chlamydia as well."

A nurse's hands are visibly soiled. What is the minimum amount of time the nurse should spend rubbing a lather during hand hygiene? Fill in the blank with a number.

20

A 27-year-old man is a client in the ICU with sepsis as a result of a sports injury. His infection began as a result of a microbe completing the chain of infection. Which of the following are links in infection transmission? 1. Portal of exit 2. Portal of entry 3. Appropriate reservoir 4. All options are correct

All options are correct

A public health nurse is teaching a mother about vaccinations prior to obtaining informed consent for her child's vaccination. What should the nurse cite as the most common adverse effect of vaccinations? Temporary photosensitivity Allergic reactions to the antigen or carrier solution Nausea and vomiting Joint pain near the injection site

Allergic reactions to the antigen or carrier solution

Which of the following terms describes foreign particles that enter a host and stimulate the body's immune response? Macrophage Macrophage Antibody Antigen

Antigen

A family will be staying in a cabin by a lake and, upon arriving, observes rodent droppings on the floor in the kitchen. What is the best way for the family to clean up in order to avoid contracting hantavirus from the feces? Sweep up all of the droppings and then apply a bleach solution. Vacuum the droppings and then apply a bleach solution. Apply a bleach solution prior to sweeping or vacuuming the floor. Sweep the droppings in a pile and then vacuum them up.

Apply a bleach solution prior to sweeping or vacuuming the floor

A nurse is preparing to administer a client's scheduled dose of subcutaneous heparin. To reduce the risk of needlestick injury, the nurse should perform what action? Recap the needle before leaving the bedside. Recap the needle immediately before leaving the room. Avoid recapping the needle before disposing of it. Wear gloves when administering the injection.

Avoid recapping the needle before disposing of it

A client has presented at the ED with copious diarrhea and accompanying signs of dehydration. During the client's health history, the nurse learns that the client recently ate oysters from the Gulf of Mexico. The nurse should recognize the need to have the client's stool cultured for microorganisms associated with what disease? Ebola Cholera Legionnaire disease West Nile virus

Cholera

The nurse is discussing childhood immunization recommendations with a pediatric patient's parent. Where would the nurse find the most current information on this topic? The World Health Organization The Joint Commission CDC The Occupational Safety Health Administration

CDC

A client has a concentration of S. aureus located on his skin. The client is not showing signs of increased temperature, redness, or pain at the site. The nurse is aware that this is a sign of a microorganism at which of the following stages? Disease Infection Bacteremia Colonization

Colonization

The infectious control nurse is presenting a program on West Nile virus for a local community group. To reduce the incidence of this disease, the nurse should recommend what action? Vigilant handwashing in home and work settings Covering open wounds at all times Annual vaccination Consistent use of mosquito repellants

Consistent use of mosquito repellants

A client's diagnostic testing revealed that he is colonized with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE). What change in the client's health status could precipitate an infection? Use of a narrow-spectrum antibiotic Treatment of a concurrent infection using vancomycin Development of a skin break Persistent contact of the bacteria with skin surfaces

Development of a skin break

A male client comes to the clinic and is diagnosed with gonorrhea. Which symptom most likely prompted him to seek medical attention? Rashes on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet Discharge from the penis and burning during urination Cauliflower-like warts on the penis Painful, red papules on the shaft of the penis

Discharge from the penis and burning during urination

The nurse is caring for a hospitalized client with an upper respiratory infection. Which nursing actions are critical to proper management of this client? Dispose of soiled substances in a waterproof container. Promote adequate nutrition with food high in sugar. Request urinary catheterization. Encourage the client to avoid deep breathing.

Dispose of soiled substances in a waterproof container

A client diagnosed with influenza is admitted to the hospital. Which transmission-based precautions should the nurse initiate? Droplet Airborne Contact Neutropenic

Droplet

The nurse is caring for a patient with a meningococcus infection. What type of precautions should be used for this patient? Airborne Contact Droplet Standard

Droplet

A client is admitted from the ED diagnosed with Neisseria meningitides. What type of isolation precautions should the nurse institute? Contact precautions Droplet precautions Airborne precautions Observation precautions

Droplet precautions

A client has been reading the paper about "emerging infectious diseases" and asks the nurse why these are a growing problem. How would the nurse respond? Select all that apply. Mutations among existing organisms Decreased frequency of travel Ecologic changes in human and animal habitats Antimicrobial resistance Emphasis on organic and locally grown food products

Ecologic changes in human and animal habitats Antimicrobial resistance Mutations among existing organisms

A nurse is explaining the different procedures used to break the chain of infection to a nursing student. In which of the following links in the chain of infection should a nurse provide special attention to the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts? Port of entry Exit route Vehicle of transmission Susceptible host

Exit route

During visiting hours, the nurse observes the sister of a critically ill client coughing violently in the hallway. After blowing her nose, she says "I have a touch of the flu." Which nursing intervention is the best choice for the nurse to follow? Tell her that visiting hours are over and she will need to come back. Explain why the sister should not visit the client until she is over the flu. Ask the sister to leave the hospital immediately before she gets everyone sick. Ask the client if he or she feels well enough today for visitors.

Explain why the sister should not visit the client until she is over the flu

A nurse has heard that there have been three cases of pertussis in the community and wants to make sure his or her inoculations are up to date. What action should the nurse take? Have a single-dose Tdap administered. It is not necessary to be inoculated since there is a slim chance of acquiring the disease. Take a series of 3 Tdap 3 months apart. Have a Tdap administered and 6 months later have another.

Have a single-dose Tdap administered

Viruses invade living cells. Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus? Myocardial infarction Hepatitis B Colitis Cholecystitis

Hepatitis B

During flu season, a nurse is teaching clients about the chain of infection. What components are considered "links" in this chain? Select all that apply. virulence fomites susceptible host infectious agent portal of entry SUBMIT ANSWER

Infectious agent portal of entry susceptible host

When preparing a presentation for a group of senior citizens, which vaccine would the nurse recommend that this age group receive annually? Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine Tuberculosis Meningococcus Influenza

Influenza

A client is admitted to the acute care unit with an infected leg wound. Which of the following is the part of the natural immune system that failed to protect the client against infection? 1. Intact skin 2. Bronchial cilia 3. Intact mucous membranes 4. Acidic secretions

Intact skin

The nurse of a local university is examining a student who has swollen glands and small painful lesions of the mouth. The nurse expects to palpate swelling in the neck area because Lymphedema has been caused by lymphatic obstruction Lymphocytes and macrophages invade the lymph nodes There will be tumor formation in the lymph nodes The tonsils are the likely source of infection

Lymphocytes and macrophages invade the lymph nodes

An immunosuppressed client is receiving chemotherapy treatment at home. What infection-control measure should the nurse recommend to the family? Family members should avoid receiving vaccinations until the client has recovered from his or her illness. Wipe down hard surfaces with a dilute bleach solution once per day. Maintain cleanliness in the home, but recognize that the home does not need to be sterile. Avoid physical contact with the client unless absolutely necessary.

Maintain cleanliness in the home, but recognize that the home does not need to be sterile

A client has a sore throat, fever, and malaise. The physician diagnosed a strep infection of the throat and ordered a gluteal injection of penicillin. Which intervention should the nurse perform after administering the injection? 1. Make the client wait in the office at least 30 minutes before leaving 2. Advise the client to avoid fluid intake for at least 30 minutes 3. Advise the client to avoid food intake for at least 30 minutes 4. Instruct the client to lie down for at least four hours before leaving

Make the client wait in the office at least 30 minutes before leaving

The nurse who provides care at a wilderness camp is teaching staff members about measures that reduce campers' and workers' risks of developing Giardia infections. The nurse should emphasize which of the following practices? Making sure not to drink water that has not been purified Avoiding the consumption of wild berries Removing ticks safely and promptly Using mosquito repellant consistently

Making sure not to drink water that has not been purified

Flu and cold season offers excellent examples of physiologic reflexes to ward off illness. One problem is that an effective mechanical defense for one person can complete a link in the chain of infection for someone else. To which link is the above referring? means of transmission reservoir portal of entry infectious agent

Means of transmission

A client in the emergency department is diagnosed with a communicable disease. When complications of the disease are discovered, the client is admitted to the hospital and placed in respiratory isolation. Which infection warrants airborne isolation? Mumps Impetigo Measles Cholera

Measles

The nurse places a client in isolation. Isolation techniques have the potential to break the chain of infection by interfering with what component of the chain of infection? Mode of transmission Susceptible host Portal of entry Agent

Mode of transmission

A public health nurse promoting the annual influenza vaccination is focusing health promotion efforts on the populations most vulnerable to death from influenza. The nurse should focus on which of the following groups? Preschool-aged children Adults with diabetes and/or kidney disease Older adults with compromised health status Infants under the age of 12 months

Older adults with compromised health status

A public health nurse promoting the annual influenza vaccination is focusing health promotion efforts on the populations most vulnerable to death from influenza. The nurse should focus on which of the following groups? Preschool-aged children Older adults with compromised health status Adults with diabetes and/or kidney disease Infants under the age of 12 months

Older adults with compromised health status

The nurse is providing an education program to reduce the incidence of infection currently on the rise in the community. What areas should the nurse focus on when presenting this program? (Select all that apply.) Regulated health practices Sanitation techniques The use of antibiotics to prevent infections Immunization programs Swimming in the community pool

Regulated health practices Sanitation techniques Immunization programs

A nurse is caring for a client with Lyme disease. Which of the following causes Lyme disease? Fungi Rickettsiae Protozoans Mycoplasmas

Rickettsiae

A 2-year-old is brought to the clinic by her mother who tells the nurse her daughter has diarrhea and the child is complaining of pain in her stomach. The mother says that the little girl had not eaten anything unusual, consuming homemade chicken strips and carrot sticks the evening prior. Which bacterial infection would the nurse suspect this little girl of contracting? Shigella Salmonella Escherichia coli Giardia lamblia

SalmonellaC

A client on the medical unit is found to have pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). What is the most appropriate precaution for the staff to take to prevent transmission of this disease? Standard and contact precautions Standard and airborne precautions Standard precautions only Droplet precautions

Standard and airborne precautions

When a hospitalized client is in contact precautions, which action is necessary? The client should be in a room with negative air pressure. The client's door should be closed. Masks should be worn when caring for the client. The client should be placed in a private room when possible.

The client should be placed in a private room when possible

A 16-year-old male client comes to the free clinic and is subsequently diagnosed with primary syphilis. What health problem most likely prompted the client to seek care? The emergence of a chancre on his penis Painful urination Signs of a systemic infection Unilateral testicular swelling

The emergence of a chancre on his penis

The nurse is teaching students about the West Nile virus. Which statement by the nurse is accurate? "Clients with West Nile virus present with gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain." "The most common transmission mode of West Nile virus is from human to human." "There is no treatment for West Nile virus infection." "The incubation period for the virus is 3 to 5 days."

There is no treatment for West Nile virus infection

A client is alarmed that she has tested positive for MRSA following culture testing during her admission to the hospital. What should the nurse teach the client about this diagnostic finding? "There are promising treatments for MRSA, so this is no cause for serious concern." "This doesn't mean that you have an infection; it shows that the bacteria live on one of your skin surfaces." "The vast majority of clients in the hospital test positive for MRSA, but the infection doesn't normally cause serious symptoms." "This finding is only preliminary, and your doctor will likely order further testing."

This doesn't mean that you have an infection; it shows that the bacteria live on one of your skin surfaces."

What is the best rationale for health care providers receiving the influenza vaccination on a yearly basis? To decrease nurses' susceptibility to healthcare-associated infections To decrease risk of transmission to vulnerable clients To eventually eradicate the influenza virus in the United States To prevent the emergence of drug-resistant strains of the influenza virus

To decrease risk of transmission to vulnerable clients

Family members are caring for a client with HIV in the client's home. What should the nurse encourage family members to do to reduce the risk of infection transmission? Use caution when shaving the client. Disinfect the client's bedclothes regularly. Use separate bed linens for the client. Use separate dishes for the client and family members.

Use caution when shaving the client

During a flu vaccination clinic, the nurse is charged with teaching clients additional ways to reduce the spread of the flu. Which interventions should the nurse communicate? Select all that apply. Use diluted household bleach as a disinfectant at home. Use cloth handkerchiefs that may be laundered and reused. Wash hands after visiting public places or touching doorknobs. Cover nose and mouth while sneezing or coughing. Take a course of antibiotics prophylactically to prevent infection.

Use diluted household bleach as a disinfectant at home. Wash hands after visiting public places or touching doorknobs. Cover nose and mouth while sneezing or coughing.

An older adult client tells the nurse that she had chicken pox as a child and is eager to be vaccinated against shingles. What should the nurse teach the client about this vaccine? Vaccination against shingles is contraindicated in clients over the age of 80. Vaccination can reduce her risk of shingles by approximately 50%. Vaccination against shingles involves a series of three injections over the course of 6 months. Vaccination against shingles is only effective if preceded by a childhood varicella vaccination.

Vaccination can reduce her risk of shingles by approximately 50%

An older adult client has been diagnosed with Legionella infection. When planning this client's care, the nurse should prioritize which of the following nursing actions? Emotional support and promotion of coping Vigilant monitoring of respiratory status Assessment for signs of internal hemorrhage Monitoring for evidence of skin breakdown

Vigilant monitoring of respiratory status

A nurse is caring for a child who was admitted to the pediatric unit with infectious diarrhea. The nurse should be alert to what assessment finding as an indicator of dehydration? Labile BP Weak pulse Fever Diaphoresis

Weak pulse

The nurse is caring for a client with secondary syphilis. What intervention should the nurse institute when caring for this client? Administer hydrocortisone ointment to the lesions as prescribed. Wear gloves if contact with lesions is possible. Ensure that the client is housed in a private room. Administer combination therapy with antiretrovirals as prescribed.

Wear gloves if contact with lesions is possible

A nurse is informing a nursing student about the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Which guideline is in compliance with the CDC guidelines for handwashing? When hands are visibly soiled Only after removing gloves Washing hands for 5 seconds When initiating contact with another client

When hands are visibly soiled

A nurse would perform handwashing instead of using an alcohol-based product for which situation? Before putting on sterile gloves for inserting a urinary catheter During client care when moving from a contaminated body site to a clean one When hands are visibly soiled from client care After taking a client's vital signs

When hands are visibly soiled from client care

A client with a history of candidiasis is being closely monitored for signs of superinfection. Which signs or symptoms can indicate that superinfection has occurred? Select all that apply. increased urinary output diarrhea hypotension inflammation of oral mucous membranes vaginal discharge SUBMIT ANSWER

diarrhea inflammation of oral mucous membranes vaginal dischargehea

A client who has been hospitalized for several days following cardiac catheterization develops a bladder infection. What is the term for this type of infection? chronic healthcare associated community acquired opportunistic

healthcare associated

Which viruses are serious conditions that may be fatal in normally healthy people? Select all that apply. human immunodeficiency syndrome viral hepatitis common cold herpes simplex

human immunodeficiency syndrome viral hepatitis

Flu and cold season offers excellent examples of physiologic reflexes to ward off illness. One problem is that an effective mechanical defense for one person can complete a link in the chain of infection for someone else. To which link is the above referring? infectious agent portal of entry reservoir means of transmission

infectious agent portal of entry susceptible host

The six elements necessary for infection include a causative organism, a reservoir of available organisms, a portal or mode of exit from the reservoir, a mode of transmission from reservoir to host, a susceptible host, and mode of entry into the host. latent time period. mode of exit from the host. virulent host.

mode of entry into the host

nderstanding the process of infection is integral to nursing practice. Infection is a disease process that results from which infectious agents? Select all that apply. viruses mycoplasmas hosts fungi prions

mycoplasmas prions viruses fungi

A 4-year-old client developed chickenpox, whereas the client's older sibling did not, even after an additional incubation period. Understanding the characteristics of infectious agents, the nurse surmises that the older sibling not falling ill can be attributed to the: virus residing in the older sibling's body without causing disease. client's immune system eliminating the virus. virus residing in the older sibling's body, causing disease. None of the options is correct.

virus residing in the older sibling's body without causing disease.