Exam 2

50% more

A baby is born with _____ neurons that it requires

Stroke

A blockage of blood supply to the brain might result in a

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A neuroscientist wants to study how different regions of the human brain respond to different images of spiders. The best method to use is

at least one region may be involved in facial recognition

A patient with a lesion in two areas of the brain is unable to recognize the faces of loved ones. We should conclude that

microelectrodes

A person with epilepsy is undergoing surgery. A neuroscientist may implant __________ during the procedure to study the electrical activity of neurons.

diffusion tensor imaging

A scientist wants to use a noninvasive technique to compare neural tracts between two groups of people. The scientist will likely use

using MRI

A soldier has shrapnel (metal) embedded in his leg, but needs to have an image taken of his brain. Due to safety concerns, a doctor would likely

lesions

A traumatic injury, such as a blow to the head, may result in brain

smaller

Among mammals, species that eat leaves and grasses tend to have brains that are _______ than those of species that eat fruit or insects.

Histological technique used to determine connected brain areas in tissue

Anatomical tracers (horseradish peroxidase, radioactive substances)

phonemes unused by native speakers of the child's mother tongue

As a baby has more exposure to her mother tongue, she loses to ability to distinguish between

auditory sensations

Aside from phantom limbs, people may experience phantom

Touch

Because a platypus hunts primarily in murky water at night, the brain region most associated with __________ is very large compared to that of diurnal species.

can localize the brain region underlying a cognitive deficit.

By combining information about the location of damage across a group of patients, cognitive neuroscientists

necrosis

Cells dying in an uncontrolled fashion is called

smell; touch

Coatimunidis have a relatively larger cortical area devoted to __________; whereas the raccoons have a larger cortical area corresponding to the sense of __________.

Brain Structure

Computerized Tomography (CT) uses X-rays to reveal

X-ray technology

Computerized tomography (CT) scanning is based on

Use of MRI brain scans to identify connected areas of the brain

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

can be used in awake, behaving animals.

Direct (extracellular) electrophysiological recording of neuronal activity

Stimulation of groups of neurons with a microelectrode

Electrical Simulation

Recording electrical signals from individual neurons

Electroencephalography (EEG)

The summation of dendritic field potentials of groups of neurons that vary together

Electroenphalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) are

eye movements

Eloise wants to test memory for photographs in babies. What would be the best measure of memory?

relate scalp electrical activity to cognitive events such as responses to lights or sounds

Event-related potentials (ERPs) uses EEG to

Recording electrical signals from individual neurons

Extracellular recording with microelectrodes

tongue

Extreme rock climber Eric Weihenmayer uses the BrainPort to "see" with this

Invasive surgeries are no longer used in neuroscience research

False

Neuroscientists have discovered what each region of the brain is responsible for, down to the smallest parts.

False

There is no longer any relevant use for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

False

a five-year-old

Four children immigrate to the United States. Which one will have the greatest success at learning to speak English fluently?

forage more than vegetation eaters and thus have a larger brain

Fruit-eating primates

A technique that assumes differences in brain activity based on blood oxygen levels

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

oxygen

Functional magnetic resonance imaging takes advantage of the fact that compared with less active neurons, more active neurons require greater amounts of

extensively branched dendritic trees

Given the evidence across species, we can assume that greater environmental stimulation will result in

Anatomical approach that stains only single neurons in dead tissue

Golgi Silver Stain

What section or perspective is shown in this image?

Horizontal (Axial)

reorganize itself so neighboring areas of the brain would take over the space formally used for your arm.

If you were to lose an arm in a motor vehicle accident, your brain would

you can feel the touch in your "arm", which is no longer there

Imagine that you lost an arm, and your brain rewired itself so that the neighboring face representation took over the area of your brain that used to represent your arm. What might happen when someone touches particular areas of your face?

intact, but represented in the smaller area

In an experiment to study plasticity, scientists removed half of the optic tectum of a frog. The resulting retinotopic map was

bill

In hunting, the platypus relies on its electrical or touch sense, and its chief sensory organ is its __________.

neurotrophins

In order for a neuron to survive, it must get

amount of radiation in a particular area of the brain

In positron emission tomography (PET) scans, colors are assigned that reflect the

Localized brain damage form a number of causes (natural or surgical)

Lesions

The __________ technique was used to create this image

MRI

magnetic pulses

MRI uses __________ to generate scans of body tissue

An image or picture of a living brain showing brain areas in detail

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Noninvasive technique that records tiny magnetic fields generated by neural activity

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

the depolarization of dendritic trees of cortical neurons.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is based on

die

Necrosis and Apoptosis are two ways a cell can

loss of brain function due to tissue damage and swelling recovery of some functions after weeks, months, or years cortical reorganization

Neural responses to a stroke include

True

Neuroscience research is very helpful in determining which regions of the brain are correlated with specific bodily functions and actions.

guiding axons promoting growth and survival stimulating the growth of new synaptic connections

Neurotrophins are responsible for

An anatomical approach that stains cell bodies a purple color in dead tissue

Nissl Stain

genes

One modern technique for identifying individual neurons within brain tissues requires inserting __________ into the neurons so they will fluoresce under a specific color of light.

toward the stumps of the amputation

Phantom hands, feet, or toes move ____ over time

A technique that assumes differences in brain activity based on the location of radioactive material (typically glucose)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Detect and map local changes in brain metabolism and blood flow.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) are similar in that they both

measuring the amount of radioactive decay of a substance that is bound to oxygen or other molecules

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) measure brain activity by

spread out to utilize the entire optic tectum

Researchers removed one half of a frog's retina (thus having the number of optic nerves) in order to see if the retinoptic map would

nerve growth factor

Rita Levi-Montalcini's discovery of the _____ while in hiding during World War II earned her the 1968 Nobel Prize.

is important in the emergence of cognitive functions in both evolution and individual development.

Shared traits in animals descended from a common ancestor in the brain

causal

Stimulation studies are useful because they can provide a __________ link between brain activity and function

an electron microscope

Structures at the synpase may be viewed with

age

The ability to learn a new language is correlated with

identify the probable function of a specific brain area.

The analysis of lesions allows researchers to

plasticity

The brain's ability to change and retain changes is called

absorb local language and culture move within an ecosystem optimally control any type of body

The brain's plasticity allows it to

suggests that the demands of feeding food sources that vary spatially and temporally (such as fruit) favor the evolution of enhanced cognition.

The foraging hypothesis

histology

The study of microscopic structures and tissues is known as

False

There is no longer any relevant use for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Tracers

To follow the connections to and from a given neuron, anatomists use chemical __________ in dead tissue.

Stimulating brain regions near the skull with a magnet shaped like a figure eight

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Lesion studies are useful in determining which regions of the brain are critical for certain functions, such as vision, speech, and balance

True

Neuroscience research is very helpful in determining which regions of the brain are correlated with specific bodily functions and actions.

True

generalized; attentional focus

Unlike adults, the brains of babies have very _____ plasticity without _____.

smaller brains than fruit eaters

Vegetation eaters have

the muscles surrounding the eye

We can assume that a given neuron is associated with controlling eye movements if the neuron has outputs connected to

your primary visual cortex would respond to other, non-visual stimuli

What might happen in your visual cortex if you were blindfolded for three days?

Human

What species has the largest cortex relative to its brain size?

Extracellular recording

What technique involves recording the activity of individual neurons with an electrode placed just outside the neuron?

Extracellular recoding

What technique was used when you listened to the "pop pop pop" of the neuron in the mini-lecture?

correlational

When a region of the brain is activated during a task, we have established a _____ relationship.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

When healthy volunteers have their brain stimulated with ____, they can experience involuntary movement of the left hand.

a phantom sensation

When the area of your cortex that previously sent information about a now missing limb sends current information of your brain, you may experience

cholinergic

When you are learning a new task, _____ neurons are activated, releasing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

it changes physically

When you learn something new, what happens to your brain?

White matter pathology as seen in multiple sclerosis

Which of the following can be examined with Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)?

White matter pathology as seen in multiple sclerosis

Which of the following can be examined with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)?

A CT scan gathers X-ray intensity information from multiple angles

Which of the following is true of Computerized Tomography (CT)

Protons in hydrogen atoms in tissue absorb and then release energy during the MRI procedure

Which of the following is true of magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?

It lacks a corpus callosum

Which of the following statements about the rat brain is false?

fMRI

Which tool can be used to asses a human brain's map of the body?

use of the paralyzed limb will discourage the healthy limb from taking over the brain space of the paralyzed limb after much persistence, functioning on the paralyzed limb may improve use of the paralyzed limb will encourage the brain to make new connections in available healthy tissue space

Why should a patient with a paralyzed limb be encouraged to use that limb rather than their normally functioning limb?

plasticity

With an increase in the release of acetylcholine by cholinergic neurons, we can expect an increase in

the sensitive period

You brain is most plastic during which time?

The representations for hind feet would be larger in the somatosensory and motor cortex for the new species relative to the hind feet representations in the raccoon.

You have discovered a new mammalian species in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. (Congratulations! This is a huge find.) Your creature is related to the raccoon (Procyon lotor), but is unique in that it washes his food with his hind paws rather than his front paws like the raccoon. What would you expect to find if you were to conduct electrical stimulation and single neuron recording studies in this new species (Procyon ericksonis)?

the career you choose playing instruments acquired disabilities

Your brain may change in structure due to

Microelectrodes, positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are all examples of __________ methods of studying the brain.

correlational

Provides more definitive evidence for relatively separate mechanisms or functions that does a single dissociation.

double dissociation