Exam 2
50% more
A baby is born with _____ neurons that it requires
Stroke
A blockage of blood supply to the brain might result in a
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
A neuroscientist wants to study how different regions of the human brain respond to different images of spiders. The best method to use is
at least one region may be involved in facial recognition
A patient with a lesion in two areas of the brain is unable to recognize the faces of loved ones. We should conclude that
microelectrodes
A person with epilepsy is undergoing surgery. A neuroscientist may implant __________ during the procedure to study the electrical activity of neurons.
diffusion tensor imaging
A scientist wants to use a noninvasive technique to compare neural tracts between two groups of people. The scientist will likely use
using MRI
A soldier has shrapnel (metal) embedded in his leg, but needs to have an image taken of his brain. Due to safety concerns, a doctor would likely
lesions
A traumatic injury, such as a blow to the head, may result in brain
smaller
Among mammals, species that eat leaves and grasses tend to have brains that are _______ than those of species that eat fruit or insects.
Histological technique used to determine connected brain areas in tissue
Anatomical tracers (horseradish peroxidase, radioactive substances)
phonemes unused by native speakers of the child's mother tongue
As a baby has more exposure to her mother tongue, she loses to ability to distinguish between
auditory sensations
Aside from phantom limbs, people may experience phantom
Touch
Because a platypus hunts primarily in murky water at night, the brain region most associated with __________ is very large compared to that of diurnal species.
can localize the brain region underlying a cognitive deficit.
By combining information about the location of damage across a group of patients, cognitive neuroscientists
necrosis
Cells dying in an uncontrolled fashion is called
smell; touch
Coatimunidis have a relatively larger cortical area devoted to __________; whereas the raccoons have a larger cortical area corresponding to the sense of __________.
Brain Structure
Computerized Tomography (CT) uses X-rays to reveal
X-ray technology
Computerized tomography (CT) scanning is based on
Use of MRI brain scans to identify connected areas of the brain
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
can be used in awake, behaving animals.
Direct (extracellular) electrophysiological recording of neuronal activity
Stimulation of groups of neurons with a microelectrode
Electrical Simulation
Recording electrical signals from individual neurons
Electroencephalography (EEG)
The summation of dendritic field potentials of groups of neurons that vary together
Electroenphalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) are
eye movements
Eloise wants to test memory for photographs in babies. What would be the best measure of memory?
relate scalp electrical activity to cognitive events such as responses to lights or sounds
Event-related potentials (ERPs) uses EEG to
Recording electrical signals from individual neurons
Extracellular recording with microelectrodes
tongue
Extreme rock climber Eric Weihenmayer uses the BrainPort to "see" with this
Invasive surgeries are no longer used in neuroscience research
False
Neuroscientists have discovered what each region of the brain is responsible for, down to the smallest parts.
False
There is no longer any relevant use for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
False
a five-year-old
Four children immigrate to the United States. Which one will have the greatest success at learning to speak English fluently?
forage more than vegetation eaters and thus have a larger brain
Fruit-eating primates
A technique that assumes differences in brain activity based on blood oxygen levels
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
oxygen
Functional magnetic resonance imaging takes advantage of the fact that compared with less active neurons, more active neurons require greater amounts of
extensively branched dendritic trees
Given the evidence across species, we can assume that greater environmental stimulation will result in
Anatomical approach that stains only single neurons in dead tissue
Golgi Silver Stain
What section or perspective is shown in this image?
Horizontal (Axial)
reorganize itself so neighboring areas of the brain would take over the space formally used for your arm.
If you were to lose an arm in a motor vehicle accident, your brain would
you can feel the touch in your "arm", which is no longer there
Imagine that you lost an arm, and your brain rewired itself so that the neighboring face representation took over the area of your brain that used to represent your arm. What might happen when someone touches particular areas of your face?
intact, but represented in the smaller area
In an experiment to study plasticity, scientists removed half of the optic tectum of a frog. The resulting retinotopic map was
bill
In hunting, the platypus relies on its electrical or touch sense, and its chief sensory organ is its __________.
neurotrophins
In order for a neuron to survive, it must get
amount of radiation in a particular area of the brain
In positron emission tomography (PET) scans, colors are assigned that reflect the
Localized brain damage form a number of causes (natural or surgical)
Lesions
The __________ technique was used to create this image
MRI
magnetic pulses
MRI uses __________ to generate scans of body tissue
An image or picture of a living brain showing brain areas in detail
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Noninvasive technique that records tiny magnetic fields generated by neural activity
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
the depolarization of dendritic trees of cortical neurons.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is based on
die
Necrosis and Apoptosis are two ways a cell can
loss of brain function due to tissue damage and swelling recovery of some functions after weeks, months, or years cortical reorganization
Neural responses to a stroke include
True
Neuroscience research is very helpful in determining which regions of the brain are correlated with specific bodily functions and actions.
guiding axons promoting growth and survival stimulating the growth of new synaptic connections
Neurotrophins are responsible for
An anatomical approach that stains cell bodies a purple color in dead tissue
Nissl Stain
genes
One modern technique for identifying individual neurons within brain tissues requires inserting __________ into the neurons so they will fluoresce under a specific color of light.
toward the stumps of the amputation
Phantom hands, feet, or toes move ____ over time
A technique that assumes differences in brain activity based on the location of radioactive material (typically glucose)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Detect and map local changes in brain metabolism and blood flow.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) are similar in that they both
measuring the amount of radioactive decay of a substance that is bound to oxygen or other molecules
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) measure brain activity by
spread out to utilize the entire optic tectum
Researchers removed one half of a frog's retina (thus having the number of optic nerves) in order to see if the retinoptic map would
nerve growth factor
Rita Levi-Montalcini's discovery of the _____ while in hiding during World War II earned her the 1968 Nobel Prize.
is important in the emergence of cognitive functions in both evolution and individual development.
Shared traits in animals descended from a common ancestor in the brain
causal
Stimulation studies are useful because they can provide a __________ link between brain activity and function
an electron microscope
Structures at the synpase may be viewed with
age
The ability to learn a new language is correlated with
identify the probable function of a specific brain area.
The analysis of lesions allows researchers to
plasticity
The brain's ability to change and retain changes is called
absorb local language and culture move within an ecosystem optimally control any type of body
The brain's plasticity allows it to
suggests that the demands of feeding food sources that vary spatially and temporally (such as fruit) favor the evolution of enhanced cognition.
The foraging hypothesis
histology
The study of microscopic structures and tissues is known as
False
There is no longer any relevant use for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Tracers
To follow the connections to and from a given neuron, anatomists use chemical __________ in dead tissue.
Stimulating brain regions near the skull with a magnet shaped like a figure eight
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Lesion studies are useful in determining which regions of the brain are critical for certain functions, such as vision, speech, and balance
True
Neuroscience research is very helpful in determining which regions of the brain are correlated with specific bodily functions and actions.
True
generalized; attentional focus
Unlike adults, the brains of babies have very _____ plasticity without _____.
smaller brains than fruit eaters
Vegetation eaters have
the muscles surrounding the eye
We can assume that a given neuron is associated with controlling eye movements if the neuron has outputs connected to
your primary visual cortex would respond to other, non-visual stimuli
What might happen in your visual cortex if you were blindfolded for three days?
Human
What species has the largest cortex relative to its brain size?
Extracellular recording
What technique involves recording the activity of individual neurons with an electrode placed just outside the neuron?
Extracellular recoding
What technique was used when you listened to the "pop pop pop" of the neuron in the mini-lecture?
correlational
When a region of the brain is activated during a task, we have established a _____ relationship.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
When healthy volunteers have their brain stimulated with ____, they can experience involuntary movement of the left hand.
a phantom sensation
When the area of your cortex that previously sent information about a now missing limb sends current information of your brain, you may experience
cholinergic
When you are learning a new task, _____ neurons are activated, releasing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
it changes physically
When you learn something new, what happens to your brain?
White matter pathology as seen in multiple sclerosis
Which of the following can be examined with Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)?
White matter pathology as seen in multiple sclerosis
Which of the following can be examined with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)?
A CT scan gathers X-ray intensity information from multiple angles
Which of the following is true of Computerized Tomography (CT)
Protons in hydrogen atoms in tissue absorb and then release energy during the MRI procedure
Which of the following is true of magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?
It lacks a corpus callosum
Which of the following statements about the rat brain is false?
fMRI
Which tool can be used to asses a human brain's map of the body?
use of the paralyzed limb will discourage the healthy limb from taking over the brain space of the paralyzed limb after much persistence, functioning on the paralyzed limb may improve use of the paralyzed limb will encourage the brain to make new connections in available healthy tissue space
Why should a patient with a paralyzed limb be encouraged to use that limb rather than their normally functioning limb?
plasticity
With an increase in the release of acetylcholine by cholinergic neurons, we can expect an increase in
the sensitive period
You brain is most plastic during which time?
The representations for hind feet would be larger in the somatosensory and motor cortex for the new species relative to the hind feet representations in the raccoon.
You have discovered a new mammalian species in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. (Congratulations! This is a huge find.) Your creature is related to the raccoon (Procyon lotor), but is unique in that it washes his food with his hind paws rather than his front paws like the raccoon. What would you expect to find if you were to conduct electrical stimulation and single neuron recording studies in this new species (Procyon ericksonis)?
the career you choose playing instruments acquired disabilities
Your brain may change in structure due to
Microelectrodes, positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are all examples of __________ methods of studying the brain.
correlational
Provides more definitive evidence for relatively separate mechanisms or functions that does a single dissociation.
double dissociation
