Chapter 1.2: Organisms - Cell to Body Systems

Circulatory System

(aka cardiovascular system) This system works as the transportation highway for the body. It consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It transports substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients in the body. The system also works to regulate body temperature and collect lost fluid. from blood vessels to the circulatory system. The heart transports the blood, veins carry blood to the heart and arteries carry it away. The blood pushes carbon dioxide away and oxygen towards.

Cell Membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body. Ex: Lungs, sinuses and nose

Organ Systems

A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions. These systems interact to help the organism maintain internal stability (aka: homeostasis)

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform a specific function.

Nuclear Membrane

A nuclear membrane is a double membrane that encloses the cell nucleus. It serves to separate the chromosomes from the rest of the cell. The nuclear membrane includes an array of small holes or pores that permit the passage of certain materials, such as nucleic acids and proteins, between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Golgi Apparatus

A system of membrane-enclosed spaces that process, sort and deliver proteins. This organelle packages proteins that are either stored or transported to other organelles within the cell. Can be carried to membrane and secreted outside the cell. Also adds lipid and carbs and performs protein folding.

Lymphatic/Immune System

A system that protects the body against disease; stores and generates white blood cells. Your lymphs are clear fluid from blood plasma that surrounds cells. This system collects, filters and returns the lymph to blood to keep your body safe from pathogens like virus's and bacteria. Organs Included: white bloods cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils

Describe how the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion, and Golgi apparatus are structurally similar.

All are composed of membrane-enclosed chambers. The surface area of each is greatly increased by folds and layers.

Explain the concept of emergent properties as it relate to organisms.

An emergent property is a property which a collection or complex system has, but which the individual members do not have. A failure to realize that a property is emergent, or supervenient, leads to the fallacy of division. In chemistry, for example, the taste of saltiness is a property of salt, but that does not mean that it is also a property of sodium and chlorine, the two elements which make up salt. Thus, saltiness is an emergent or a supervenient property of salt. Claiming that chlorine must be salty because salt is salty would be an example of the fallacy of division. In biology, for example, heart is made of heart cells, heart cells on their own don't have the property of pumping blood. You will need the whole heart to be able to pump blood. Thus, the pumping property of the heart is an emergent or a supervenient property of the heart. Claiming that an individual heart cell can pump blood because the heart can would be an example of fallacy of division.

Digestive System

Breaks down and absorbs nutrients, salts, and water; transfers digested materials to the blood; eliminates some wasters Organs involved: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, gall bladder, liver

Centrioles

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only. During cell division it pulls apart the chromosomes.

Cells and Cell Differentiation

Cells are the most basic units of. life, cell differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function. All cells in a multicellular organism arise to form a single cell. As the organism develops, cells take on unique structures that help them cary out specialized functions. Ex: sperm cells have a long tail called a flagellum that allows for movement epithelial cells in the trachea have hair-like extensions called cilia that clear small particles out of the trachea through a sweeping motion neurons have extensions that allow the cell to communicate with many other cells and interconnected networks of neurons in the human brain. Allows for communication between cell of your body and memory and learning. Red blood cells carry oxygen and nutrients to cells. To carry out their function, these cells must bind oxygen and travel through small blood vessels in the circulatory system called capillaries.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. These. cells can be multicellular or single-celled. They are surrounded by a protective membrane that receives messages from other cells.

Many organ systems interact with circulatory system. If a person's circulatory system did not function properly, how might other systems, such as the respiratory and digestive systems, be affected?

Closely linked to the circulatory system is the respiratory system. The circulatory system maintains the circulation of blood in the body while the respiratory system deals with the exchange of gases in your body. The circulatory system is responsible for transporting blood with oxygen (O2) from the lungs to cells and then transporting blood with carbon dioxide (CO2) back to the lungs. It also has to distribute nutrients from the digestive system to the cells in the body and remove waste products to be excreted.

endocrine system

Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones. System influences growth, development, metabolism and homeostasis by acting on target tissues in other organs. Organs involved: hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, ovaries, testes, pancreas

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Contains ribosomes, productions of proteins, transport. proteins using vesicle.

Cell Membrane

Controls the movement of materials. into and out of the cell

Nucleolus

Creates rRNA to make Ribosomes.

Prokaryotic Cells

Do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. The cells DNA is located in the cytoplasm. These cells are usually microscopic and single-celled.

What toxin prevents the chloroplast from functioning properly? Describe the effect that this toxin would have on a cell.

Ethylene, a gaseous plant hormone, destroys chlorophylls, and it is occasionally used to degreen fruits. The acids naturally present, formed, or added to plant tissues during food processing convert the bright green chlorophylls to dull olive brown pheophytins by replacing the magnesium of the molecule with hydrogen.

When a plant wilts, its leaves shrivel. How is this phenomenon related to the function of the vacuole in the plant system?

Filled tight with water, the vacuole pushes the cytoplasm into a thin strip adjacent to the membrane and pushes outwards like a water filled balloon. ... When a plant has been without water for a long time, the central vacuoles lose water, the cells lose shape, and the whole leaf wilts.

Finishing/packaging department

Finishing/packaging department

Integumentary System

Has to do with largest organ, your skin. Hint: integumentary is a long word and skin is the largest organ. Your skin protects organs from outside damage, temperature regulation and controls water loss. protects against infection, UV radiation; regulates body temperature Organs Included: skin, hair nails, sweat and oil glands

How would homeostasis, or internal stability, be affected by these system imbalances? (Respiratory, digestive, circulatory)

Homeostasis is maintained by the respiratory system in two ways: gas exchange and regulation of blood pH. Gas exchange is performed by the lungs by eliminating carbon dioxide, a waste product given off by cellular respiration. The bacterial flora in the intestines are essential to homeostasis in the body. They not only break down food so the nutrients can be absorbed, they produce vitamins like biotin and vitamin K and guard against harmful bacteria that enter the system. Your circulatory system delivers oxygen-rich blood to your bones. Meanwhile, your bones are busy making new blood cells. Working together, these systems maintain internal stability and balance, otherwise known as homeostasis.

Neurons have special proteins in their cell membranes that allow them to generate electrical current. Are these proteins most likely produced by ribosomes on the rough ER or ribosomes suspended in the cytoplasm? Explain your answer.

In contrast, proteins made on suspended ribosomes are typically used in chemical reactions occurring within the cytoplasm.

Interneurons

Interneurons are a type of neuron in the brain and spinal cord that receive and process the information from the sensory neurons and send response signals to motor neurons

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body. They work in response to nerve signals or hormones and are inside of internal organs and cardiac muscle in the heart. Ex of voluntary muscles: biceps, the triceps, the quadriceps, diaphragm, pectoral muscles, abdominals and hamstrings.

Respiratory System

Involves intake of oxygen and exhale of carbon dioxide from the body. Necessary to function correctly. Organs Included: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, lungs

Lysosomes

Membrane-bound organelles that contain special proteins called enzymes which break down and recycle down, worn-out cell parts. Inside of red blood cells it can destroy pathogens.

Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue is the term for groups of organized cells in the nervous system, which is the organ system that controls the body's movements, sends and carries signals to and from the different parts of the body, and has a role in controlling bodily functions such as digestion. Ex: tissues in the stomach help it carry out its function in the. body. Signals from nervous tissue stimulate muscle tissue in the stomach to contract. the walls of the stomach. contain muscle tissue that contract every third of a minute. the. epithelial lining of the stomach is made up of cells that secrete stomach acid and sbsorb nutrient

Chloroplast - Only in plants

Organelles that carry out photosynthesis, a series of complex chemical reactions that convert. light. energy from the sun into energy-rich the cell can use. Have. a double membrane and their own ribosomes and DNA like the mitochondria. Assumed that they were too once prokaryotes. Contains the green pigment chlorophyll.

Multicellular Organisms

Organisms can be made up of just one cell or be multicellular. These cells work together to perform different functions

Muscular System

Produces voluntary and involuntary movement; helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system. Organs Included: Skeletal(attached to bone), smooth (can line esophagus) and cardiac muscles (in heart)

Epithelial Tissue

Provides protective lining, allows for transport, secretion and absorption

Nervous System

Regulates the body's response to changes in internal and external environment, processes information. Controls voluntary actions (picking up a pencil). and involuntary reactions (reflexes). Uses neurons. Organs Included: brain, spinal cord, peripheral organs

Which would you predict would have more mitochondria-a muscle cell or a skin cell? Explain your answer.

Since muscle cells use more energy, there are more mitochondria associated with them. Mitochondria are the power houses of the cells, they produce energy, muscles cells need a high amount of energy for moment. Hence, there are more mitochondria within the muscle cells.

Organelles

Specialized structures that perform distinct processes within a cell. Most organelles are surrounded by a membrane

Mitochondria

Supplies energy to the cell by converting energy from fats and carbs and converts it to a molecule known as ATP. This process is called cellular respiration. Bean shaped and have a double membrane. The inner membrane consists of a series of chemical reactions that convert molecules from food into energy. Have own ribosomes and DNA so it is inferred that they were once prokaryotes but were taken in.

Connective Tissue

Supports, binds together, and protects other tissues and organs some tissue are fibrous and thought, other support internal organs and surrounding blood vessels. Connective tissue surrounding blood vessels has elasticity and can stretch to accommodate blood flow.

What purpose is served by controlled openings in the nuclear membrane?

The Nuclear envelope contains openings called nuclear pores which allow certain materials in and out of the nucleus.

How does nervous tissue interact with muscular tissue in the stomach to break down food? Why is it important for the nervous and digestive systems to work together?

The autonomic nervous system controls the tone of the digestive tract. The brain controls drinking and feeding behavior. The brain controls muscles for eating and elimination. The digestive system sends sensory information to the brain signals from nervous tissue stimulate. muscle tissue in the stomach to contract.

Cells

The basic unit of structure and function in living things

How do you think systems within your body interact to produce sensations like "butterflies in your stomach?

The blood vessels surrounding your stomach and intestines constrict and the digestive muscles contract. It's that drop in blood flow that makes you feel like winged insects are fluttering around in your stomach.

Cell System Boundary

The cell membrane forms a boundary that separates the. organelles within the cell from the environment outside of the cell. The cell membrane maintains stable conditions because of its double-layer structure which allows it to pass materials such as nutrients, water and waste. The structure of the cell membrane. allows the cell to communicate with other cells. Ex: neurons cell membrane structure. helps it send and receive chemical. and electrical signals.

Nucleus

The control center of. the cell that tells the cell what to do. It contains chromatin which are. long strands of DNA (the instructional manual) and stores genetic information. Surrounded by a membrane (nuclear envelop), it has holes known as nuclear pores that allows stuff to go in and out. of the cell.

Organism

Together the organ systems make up the entire organism; any living thing

Diseases such as multiple sclerosis cause the myelin sheath to break down. How would the breakdown of myelin affect the functioning of a neuron?

When the sheath is destroyed, the transmission of nerve impulses is impaired. Messages do not get through quickly and clearly from the brain to the correct body part. The more sheath is destroyed, the slower and less efficient the nerve impulses are.

How do structures in the respiratory system interact to protect the lungs? How might a sinus infection affect the rest of the respiratory system?

Your bronchial tubes are lined with CILIA (like very small hairs) that move like waves. This motion carries MUCUS (sticky phlegm or liquid) upward and out into your throat, where it is either coughed up or swallowed. Mucus catches and holds much of the dust, germs, and other unwanted matter that has invaded your lungs. You get rid of this matter when you cough, sneeze, clear your throat or swallow. The inflamed sinuses can affect breathing. Because of the swelling of the sinuses and nasal passages, it is more difficult for air to travel past. This can also impact on an individual's sense of smell and taste

Vacuole

a fluid-filled sac used for the storage of materials needed by a cell. Examples of materials are water, nutrients and salts. Found in both animal and plant cells.

Cytoplasm

a jelly-like substance that contains dissolved materials such as proteins and sugars. In eukaryotes it fills the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. This substance mainly consists of water which helps the structure to keep its shape and have chemical reactions occur.

Cell Wall - only in plants

a rigid layer that gives protection, support, and shape to the cell. Cell walls of multiple cells can adhere to. each. other to support the entire organism. Ex: the wood in a tree trunk consists of dead cells whose cell walls continue to support the entire tree.

Motor Neurons

act on the signal by stimulating muscles to contract

Muscle Cells

cells that contract when they are stimulated by the. nervous system. The contractions causes the bone or tissue that is attached to the muscle to move.

Gather Evidence A tendon is a band of tissue that attaches a muscle to another body part such as a bone. Which type of tissue would tendons most likely contain?

connective tissue

Muscle Tissue

contracts to allow for movement, support, and heat production

Sensory Neurons

detect stimuli and send signals to the brain and the spinal cord

Central Vacuole - Plants Only

filled with a watery fluid that strengthens the cell and helps to support the entire plant. Includes toxins that would harm predator, waste products that could harm itself and pigments to give it a color.

Cytoskeleton

gives the cells its shape and helps it maintain flexibility. It is made up of small subunits that form long threads or fibers that criss-cross the entire cell. Because of this organelle, even if the membrane was removed the contents of the cell would not collapse and fall out. Consists of 3 fibers: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

has no ribosomes, produces lipids, cholesterol, and hormones, breaks down toxins (does not. produce proteins like rough er)

Reproductive System

produces and transports reproductive cells; provides the environment for embryonic development in females. Organs Included: testes, penis, associated ducts and glands, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina

DNA

stored inside of the nucleus, DNA is the. blueprint with instructions for making proteins

Skeletal System

supports and protects vital organs; allows movement; stores minerals; bone marrow is site of red blood cell production -adults have 206 bones Organs Included: bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons

Neurons

the basic unit of the nervous system. Specialized cells that are able to send electrical and chemical signals to help the organism sense information, coordinate a response, and carry out the signal

Structure of neurons

the dendrites receive electrochemical messages other cells, the axon is. a long extension of the cell that carries electrochemical signals away from the cell body and passes them to other cells. Axons are wrapped in myelin sheath that protects the axon and helps speed transmission of nerve impulses.

Excretory System

the system that filters blood and removes waste from your body and controls water balance/ homeostasis Organs Included: skin, kidneys, bladder -people with impaired kidney's go on dialysis -sweating is another way of removing waste

Skeletal Muscle

voluntary muscles that an individual human can choose to move. They are made up of long cylindrical bundles that contain. muscle fibers which are bundles that contain myofibrils muscle cells. The contractile unit of a muscle cell is the sarcomere. When a muscle. cell is relaxed, actin and myosin are not connected to each other, they only connect during a contraction, the actin is pulled towards the sarcomere so the. muscle cell contracts and shortens the entire muscle.