Chapter 12 - Personality

Murray embraced the psychodynamic notion of ______ motivation in his approach to understanding personality.

unconscious

The elements of their personality that people are not aware of are referred to as

unconscious

A self-report test ______ asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits.

directly

According to research, which of the following is not true about biology and personality development?

Biology is the cause of personality because genetics are the main reason people develop the traits they have.

What psychologist is most associated with the life story approach?

Dan McAdams

According to Freud, which of the following is used to reduce anxiety?

Defense mechanisms

The biological perspective understands personality development by taking into account self-interpretation and the drive to be the best possible person.

False

True or false: Freud's critics do not consider his notions of early childhood experiences to be misguided.

False

True or false: Jeffrey Gray developed the RAS theory that explains the biological functions related to introversion and extroversion.

False

True or false: Using the anagram OCEAN to help you remember the big 5 factors of personality, the A stands for acceptability.

False

Sigmund _______ is the founding father of psychoanalytic theory of personality development.

Freud

Who is the father of psychoanalysis?

Freud

The reticular activation system was posited by which psychologist?

Hans Eysenck

Which of the following are true of the ego?

It abides by the reality principle. It's partly conscious.

The psychologist who created the CAPS model and criticized the idea of constancy of behavior is:

Mischel

Walter ______ proposed the CAPS model of personality.

Mischel

According to Freud's theory of personality development, during the first 18 months, infants are in which stage?

Oral

In which of Freud's stage is pleasure focused on the mouth?

Oral

What do Bandera and other social cognitive theorists believe what observational learning?

Our observations strongly shape our personality. We acquire a wide range of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings by watching others' behavior. Observational learning is key aspect of how we learn.

Which of the following are core principles of psychodynamic theories?

Personality is determined by current AND early experiences. We mentally transform our experiences, which allows them to shape our personalities.

All people are born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment according to

Rogers.

Sam was told by his friend that he is "so Type A." What does his friend mean by that?

Sam is highly competitive and aggressive.

Which of the following statements describes behavioral genetics?

The study of genetic characteristics on behavioral expressions

Which of the following is a critique of the humanistic approach?

The theory is too optimistic about human nature.

Which of the following are true of defense mechanisms?

They work by unconsciously distorting reality. They are tactics used to reduce anxiety.

______ state that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses.

Trait theories

Behavioral genetics aims to study the influence of genetics on behaviors through the use of twin studies.

True

Social cognitive psychologists believe that observational learning plays a major role in human development.

True

True or false: The life story approach is difficult and time-consuming. Stories must be collected, coded and content analyzed, and rich.

True

True or false: The trait approach is practical, but it fails to consider situational factors.

True

True or false: The trait approach to personality is practical, allows us to know a person better, and is correlated to practical life and health factors.

True

______ is a cluster of characteristics such as being excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile. It is related to the incidence of heart disease.

Type A behavior pattern

self-_________ is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential.

actualization

Rogers' approach to understanding personality is based on the idea that

all people are born with the potential for a fulfilling life

Personality traits can predispose people to certain consistent _________, thoughts, and emotions that seem to create and strengthen neural pathways in the brain.

behaviors

Which perspective supports the idea that physiological processes influence personality?

biological

The theory proposed by Bandura and Mischel uses behavior, environment, and ______ factors to understand individuals.

cognitive

Whereas Allport was most comfortable focusing on ______ experiences, Murray embraced the notion of ______ motivation in his approach.

conscious; unconscious

The _____ is the Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality.

ego

The structure of the personality that deals with the demands of reality is called the

ego.

Critics contend that social cognitive theory makes ______ impossible.

generalizations

A person's capacity for growth and positive qualities are the basis of ______ perspectives.

humanistic

Some critics believe that ______ approaches do not hold individuals accountable for their behaviors if all negative human behavior is seen as emerging out of negative situations.

humanistic

Clinicians with which of the following theoretical orientation(s) would use observational methods?

humanistic social cognitive

The view of personality that stresses a person's capacity for personal growth, self-conscious freedom to choose a destiny, and positive qualities is called

humanistic psychology.

The definition of ______ is physical symptoms that have no physical cause.

hysteria

A person who is unable to see, even with perfectly healthy eyes, or unable to walk, despite no apparent physical injury, may be suffering from

hysteria.

The __________ is entirely unconscious and seeks immediate gratification.

id

Unconscious drives and the individual's reservoir of sexual energy are contained in the

id.

Which of the following are characteristics of the superego?

it evaluates the morality of our decisions and actions. it can be considered one's conscience.

All of the following are criticisms of the social cognitive perspective of personality, except

it over emphasizes sexuality.

Dan McAdams developed the ______ approach to identity.

life story

The idea that personality is determined by current and early experiences, and the idea that we mentally transform our experiences, are core principles of _______ theories.

psychodynamic

What methods are most commonly used by humanistic psychologists?

observation questionnaires clinical interviews

The big 5 factors of personality include

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behavior that characterizes the way an individual adapts to the world is called

personality

The social cognitive approach to __________ explores a person's ability to reason.

personality

Freud compared the human personality to an iceberg because

personality mostly exists below the surface of awareness.

A psychologist who is focusing on a person's life history and life story as a way to understand the individual is using

personological and life story perspectives.

According to Freud's theory, children between the ages of 3 and 6 are in the _______ stage.

phallic

Pleasure focuses on the genitals during the ______ stage. Multiple choice question.

phallic

The life story approach allows for researchers to collect ______ data.

rich

An objective test or inventory is a type of test that directly asks people whether a specific item describes their personality traits. It is also called a

self-report measure.

A person's assessment of his or her level of positive affect, negative affect, and life in general is called, _______ well-being.

subjective

According to Freud, the _______ is the part of our personality that acts as the harsh internal judge of our behavior.

superego

Dr. Smith, a psychologist, asks one of her clients to look at a series of black-and-white and color inkblots and describe what the client sees in each one. Dr. Smith is using ________.

the Rorschach test

One of the problems modern psychologists have with Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that

the first five years of life are not as powerful in shaping personality as he thought.

The superego is

the harsh internal judge of our behavior.

Subjective well-being includes one's assessment of all of the following, except

the satisfaction of one's family.

Self-actualization is at the (top/bottom) of Maslow's hierarchy.

top

___________ theories state that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses.

trait

Personological and life story perspectives stress that a person's life history or life story helps us to understand the ______ of that person.

uniqueness