Chapter 12 Review

What percent of the Amerindian population was killed by Afro-Eurasian diseases during the sixteenth century? 90 percent 70 percent 50 percent 30 percent

90 percent

During the seventeenth century, rising levels of global commerce increased prosperity in the Ming and Mughal Empires but also led to which of the following? Great pandemics Widespread famine A decline in centralized state control The loss of political independence

A decline in centralized state control

Which of the following was a major consequence of the Renaissance? Peasant revolts against the feudal order in Western Europe. The church regained much of the power it lost in the aftermath of the Black Death. The desire to create states based on Athenian models of democracy. A network of independent, educated people who were not totally reliant on either the state or the church.

A network of independent, educated people who were not totally reliant on either the state or the church.

What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans in sixteenth-century Brazil and the Caribbean? Africans were used as labor in the silver mines. Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations. Africans were used as domestic servants. Africans were used as skilled craftsmen in urban areas.

Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations.

In what way was the rule of the Mughals under Akbar different from that of contemporary European monarchs? European monarchs did not arrange political marriages with their rivals, while the Mughals did intermarry with Hindus. The Mughals ruled over a Muslim state with few non-Muslim citizens, while European rulers ruled over states with many religious groups. Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity. The Mughals relied on trade to generate wealth, while Europeans relied on agriculture.

Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity.

In what way was the principality of Moscow similar to both Japan and China in this period? All three controlled diverse populations through strong central government. All three used territorial expansion and commercial networks to consolidate state power. All three consolidated power through identification with one religion. All three granted favorable trade status to the Dutch.

All three used territorial expansion and commercial networks to consolidate state power.

Which of the following was a long-term effect of the Atlantic trade on Africa? Traditional holders of power, such as village elders and women, became even more powerful. Power struggles between warrior elites decreased as they united to fight the Europeans. On top of the population lost to the slave trade, diseases from the Americas decimated the African people. American food crops produced more calories per acre than traditional African staples, which partially offset the population loss of the slave trade.

American food crops produced more calories per acre than traditional African staples, which partially offset the population loss of the slave trade.

In 1600, what enabled the Dutch East India Company to raise ten times the capital that the English East India Company could raise? Amsterdam had the most efficient money market with the lowest interest rates in the world. The Dutch controlled the trade in East Indian spices and used their sale to generate capital. The English had not yet developed financial systems such as joint stock companies and banks. The Dutch monarchs provided large amounts of capital to the Dutch East India Company.

Amsterdam had the most efficient money market with the lowest interest rates in the world.

In Ming China, where did women find the greatest opportunities to obtain wealth and influence? As performers in the new entertainment districts As wives or concubines in the Forbidden City As merchants in trading centers such as Macao As authors of Confucian guides for proper behavior

As wives or concubines in the Forbidden City

Which of the following allowed the Spanish to defeat both the Aztec and Inca Empires? Both empires' armies were smaller and less experienced than the Spanish forces. Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish. Both empires lacked knowledge that the Spaniards had landed, giving the Spanish the element of surprise. Both empires' religions prevented them from mustering forces to oppose the Spanish.

Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish.

What was a similarity between the Ming and the Mughal dynasties? Both were able to limit European traders to port cities. Both prided themselves on restoring indigenous rule after a period of foreign conquest. Both faced declining populations due to the arrival of diseases from the Americas. Both ruled over homogeneous populations.

Both were able to limit European traders to port cities.

Which of the following was a consequence of the Thirty Years' War? Protestant states triumphed in Central and Eastern Europe, replacing the Austrian Habsburgs. Central Europe's populations and economies did not recover for more than a century. The German economy prospered as it was a center for manufacturing new weapons such as cannons. Russia emerged as a great European power in the power vacuum that followed the Treaty of Westphalia.

Central Europe's populations and economies did not recover for more than a century.

Which of the following accurately describes the role of silver in early seventeenth-century China? The primacy of silver made peasants' lives easier. China increasingly relied on the global trading system for silver, making the Chinese economy vulnerable to dislocation. The quantity of Japanese silver specie shipped to China rose steadily throughout the period. The Dutch, English, and Spanish cooperated with one another to ensure China received a steady supply of New World silver.

China increasingly relied on the global trading system for silver, making the Chinese economy vulnerable to dislocation.

As a result of the Ming dynasty's abandoning support for oceanic exploration: Chinese commerce ground to a halt and imperial revenue declined. Chinese maritime power declined and opened the way for newcomers and rivals in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia. the Ming were able to position themselves to more effectively defend against military threats from the south. European navies were able to conquer Chinese ports in the fourteenth century.

Chinese maritime power declined and opened the way for newcomers and rivals in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia.

Which of the following was a way in which the spread of Protestant beliefs contributed to protracted warfare in Europe between the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries? Some Protestants requested support from the Ottoman Turks, asking them to attack the eastern sections of the Holy Roman Empire. Common people took up arms to defend their religious beliefs and practices instead of leaving warfare to professional soldiers. The growth of Calvinism led the Lutheran Church to call for a new crusade against unbelievers. Some Spanish princes used Protestant beliefs as a way to challenge the authority of the Habsburg emperors.

Common people took up arms to defend their religious beliefs and practices instead of leaving warfare to professional soldiers.

Why did European wars expand into global confrontations? European countries called on their allies in Africa and Asia to support them militarily. European armies skirmished around the globe over religion. The Portuguese attacked English and Dutch outposts in Asia and the Americas. Conflicts over overseas colonies and trade routes replaced earlier regional religious and territorial struggles.

Conflicts over overseas colonies and trade routes replaced earlier regional religious and territorial struggles.

The Columbian Exchange led to which of the following? Afro-Eurasian farmers became less competitive compared to American farmers. Syphilis spread throughout the western hemisphere. Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa. The Afro-Eurasian landscape came to look more like the Americas.

Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa.

What environmental change is credited with forcing pastoral peoples and plague-bearing rodents into closer contact with settled agricultural villages? The "Little Ice Age" Soil depletion from overfarming Drought in the central Asian steppe borderlands Hard winters and rainy summers in the central Asian steppes

Drought in the central Asian steppe borderlands

Which of the following prevented English monarchs, such as Queen Elizabeth I, from establishing an absolutist regime? English monarchs were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds. England was religiously unified, removing an issue that allowed monarchs to discredit their opponents. England was composed of several independent duchies, which refused to allow the monarch to have absolute power. English monarchs never wanted to centralize their authority.

English monarchs were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds.

Which of the following groups benefited most from the wealth generated by the Atlantic system? European sailors African warriors European elites African elites

European elites

The establishment of colonies in the Americas in the sixteenth century provided Europeans with which of the following advantages in global trade? Elaborate cotton and wool textiles manufactured in the Americas were highly prized in Asia. Europeans could take advantage of the Aztecs' superior shipbuilding techniques. American manufactures were eagerly received in Africa and Asia. European products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the Americas.

European products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the Americas.

Which of the following was a consequence of the increasing wealth of European states? A growing division arose between monarchs and merchants. An expanding diet led to a decrease in European tooth decay. European states grew rich enough to wage almost unceasing wars against one another. A belief that European states should open up their colonial markets to trade with their European rivals

European states grew rich enough to wage almost unceasing wars against one another.

What role did Europeans play in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century slave trade in Africa? Europeans relied on the Muslim slave trade in North and East Africa to bring slaves from the interior. Europeans introduced the idea of slavery to Africa for the first time, ending centuries of peaceful agriculture and hunting. Europeans sent armies armed with firearms to invade the African interior, seizing prisoners as slaves. Europeans remained in coastal enclaves, depending on indigenous political and trading networks to bring slaves to them.

Europeans remained in coastal enclaves, depending on indigenous political and trading networks to bring slaves to them.

Which of the following are reasons that Taino peoples were initially repulsed by Europeans? Europeans' light skin and eye color Europeans' hairiness and bad manners Europeans' unwillingness to trade Europeans' lack of female companions

Europeans' hairiness and bad manners

Aside from land rents, what was a major source of revenue for the Mughal emperors? Additional taxes on foreign merchants Tribute from overseas conquests Savings from decreasing the cost of government Europeans' increased demand for Indian textiles

Europeans' increased demand for Indian textiles

By 1789, which country held the richest sugar colony? France Portugal England Spain

France

Under the French model of absolutism, to whom was the king accountable? The nobility Jurists God The people

God

What led Portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-sixteenth century? Gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals. The Spanish had taken control of the gold coming from the Americas, so the Portuguese had to look elsewhere. The Portuguese were denied access to the Mediterranean trade in gold by their rivals, the Dutch. The Holy Roman Empire refused to allow the Portuguese merchants a share of trade in gold mined in the Carpathian Mountains.

Gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals.

What was a global effect of the Seven Years' War? France and Spain both gained new territorial holdings in the Americas. Russia completed its annexation of Siberia and controlled lands from the Baltic to the Pacific. Great Britain emerged as the world's strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pit European powers against one another. Indigenous people who sided with the winners, the Dutch and the British, were able to gain favorable concessions including release of people held as forced laborers on plantations and in mines.

Great Britain emerged as the world's strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pit European powers against one another.

Which of the following accurately describes Columbus's first impression of the Taino people? He believed that they were childlike primitives. He believed that they would not be able to understand Christian doctrine. He believed that they could become trade partners with the Spanish. He believed that they were ferocious warriors.

He believed that they were childlike primitives.

What advantage was provided by the English East India Company's royal charter? It gave the English more legitimacy than other European traders at the Mughal court. It provided a subsidy from the English crown. It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England. It gave the right to leave coastal enclaves and trade in the Chinese interior.

It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England.

Which of the following statements best describes the early Ming dynasty? It inherited a society and kingdom from the Yuan dynasty that was relatively peaceful and prosperous. It tried to reestablish order and stability in China through the use of Islam, which the Mongol Yuan dynasty had introduced. It had to rebuild a devastated society from the ground up after Mongol rule and plague. It faced the challenge of establishing foreign rule over the Chinese people, much like its predecessor, the Mongol Yuan dynasty.

It had to rebuild a devastated society from the ground up after Mongol rule and plague.

Which of the following was essential to the Aztec state's legitimacy? A bureaucratic government A federation of allied nations Kinship and clan networks Guild and professional groups

Kinship and clan networks

What led European countries other than Spain and Portugal to turn to cultivation in order to extract wealth from their American colonies? The English had a strong tradition of agriculture and few commercial connections. Little mineral wealth was found in the English, French, or Dutch colonies. The Dutch did not have the right technology to transport heavy cargos across the open ocean, so they turned to farming. Other European countries saw the negative

Little mineral wealth was found in the English, French, or Dutch colonies.

Which of the following sparked Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church? Luther believed that true knowledge of God came through meditation. Luther wanted German cathedrals to rival those of Rome in their grandeur. Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences. Luther was shocked by what he experienced as an itinerant monk.

Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences.

In what way did the Spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit? The Spanish now controlled all of the world's major entrepôt cities. Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe. The Spanish had become the first people to sail all the way around the world. Control of Manila enhanced Spanish power at the expense of the Mughals and Chinese, increasing Spanish control of trade networks.

Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe.

Which of the following led Russians to migrate to Siberia? Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution. Many wanted to improve their economic status by acquiring free land from the government. Some believed they were taking part in a glorious crusade against polytheistic native Siberians. Some wanted to work in the lucrative salt mines.

Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution.

Which areas of the Americas produced the bulk of the silver that fueled global commerce in the sixteenth century? Brazil and the Andes Mesoamerica and the Andes Mesoamerica and Brazil The Andes and the Caribbean

Mesoamerica and the Andes

Which of the following helped to destabilize the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth century? Mughal invaders took over large amounts of Ottoman territory in the eastern part of the empire. The Ottomans lacked the initiative to make needed administrative reforms. The Ottoman population was declining due to diseases from the Americas, leaving it too weak to resist foreign encroachment. Military campaigns and a growing population strained the empire's resources.

Military campaigns and a growing population strained the empire's resources.

What was Europe's main contribution to the Atlantic system? Labor Land Raw materials Military technology

Military technology

Which of the following was the most important factor in the rise of the Ottoman Empire? Speaking Arabic allowed the Ottomans to communicate with neighboring tribes The Ottomans had an intensive agricultural base which led to a large population Mongol forays into Anatolia destabilized the region The Red Turban revolt

Mongol forays into Anatolia destabilized the region

Why was it necessary to continue to import large numbers of African slaves to replenish labor on sugar plantations? Slaves worked in large groups comprising more than 200 individuals per plantation. Most of the slaves were women, and lost time from their labors raising children. Most slaves came in family groups, and could not be separated to work on newly created plantations. Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions.

Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions.

What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland? Officials oversaw the raising of camel herds to rent to merchants. Officials sent soldiers to accompany caravans to protect them from bandits. Officials forced nomadic desert peoples to adopt settled, agricultural lifestyles. Officials established caravan series for travelers' refreshment and protection.

Officials established caravan series for travelers' refreshment and protection.

Following the crises of the fourteenth century, which of the following was the most resistant to change? Patterns of trade and commerce Political systems Feudalism Religious and cultural systems

Religious and cultural systems

Which of the following accurately describes a change in China's economy during the Ming dynasty? China's agricultural production and population decreased because of drought. Europeans gained a larger trade presence in China's western provinces. Silver money replaced barter in China's internal markets. The importation of European goods led to a negative balance of trade.

Silver money replaced barter in China's internal markets.

Why was China's demand for silver so high during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Silver was believed to be the most beautiful metal. Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets. Silver was used in decorating porcelains for export. Silver was thought to have medical value.

Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets.

Which of the following accurately describes labor on Caribbean sugar plantations? Slaves often dropped dead from exhaustion, working up to sixteen-hour days. Plantation managers, in order to have a healthy and productive workforce, provided their slaves with an adequate diet. Indentured Europeans and convicts provided the bulk of plantation labor. Family groups provided stability for Caribbean slave populations.

Slaves often dropped dead from exhaustion, working up to sixteen-hour days.

Which of the following was the determinative factor in the Spaniards' conquest of the Aztecs? The Aztecs thought that Cortez was a god and were afraid to fight him. The Spanish overwhelmed the Aztecs by force of numbers. Correct Answer Smallpox spread rapidly among the Aztec warriors and elites. The Aztecs were hated by their neighbors, who joined forces with the Spanish.

Smallpox spread rapidly among the Aztec warriors and elites.

South Asia was less severely affected by the Black Death than were settlements along the Silk Road and Mediterranean Sea because: South Asian societies had escaped the Mongol conquest and were not directly linked to Mongol-controlled trade routes. South Asians had a natural immunity to the microbes that caused the plague. no rats live in South Asia because the climate does not support them. most people in South Asia are not pastoralists, but live in settled agricultural villages.

South Asian societies had escaped the Mongol conquest and were not directly linked to Mongol-controlled trade routes.

In the early sixteenth century, which of the following contributed to the Aztecs' constant warfare? The Aztecs' neighbors were unwilling to trade with them, requiring warfare to secure highly desired luxury items such as rare quetzal feathers. The Aztecs believed that the gods required human hearts and blood, leading to the sacrifice of thousands of war captives. The Aztecs and their neighbors were engaged in a bitter struggle to obtain control of the Yucatan Peninsula. The Aztecs' neighbors attempted to choke off their access to the sea, denying the Aztecs sources of fish protein and coastal trade.

The Aztecs believed that the gods required human hearts and blood, leading to the sacrifice of thousands of war captives.

Which of the following statements best explains the impact of the Black Death on the influence of the Christian church in Western Europe? The church, because of the charitable functions it organized in response to the Black Death, became more influential in the lives of Europeans. The Black Death unleashed a wave of popular hostility toward the church. In response to the devastation of the Black Death, the church's influence declined as millions converted to other religions. The church became more open and tolerant in an attempt to win more converts after so many of their congregants had died.

The Black Death unleashed a wave of popular hostility toward the church.

In the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church responded to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation in which of the following ways? The Church modified certain doctrines such as the intercessory power of saints. The Church sought to reform clerical corruption. The Church recalled missionaries from outside Europe to take part in the religious debates. The Church translated the Bible into local languages to appeal to more followers.

The Church sought to reform clerical corruption.

Since there was no demand for European products in Asia, what steps did the Dutch take to reduce the need to use precious metals to pay for Asian spices? Dutch privateers captured Spanish treasure ships bound for Manila. The Dutch used their merchant ships to increase their participation in inter-Asian trade. The Dutch introduced the opium trade to Southeast Asia. Dutch merchants used paper money and letters of credit to pay for spices.

The Dutch used their merchant ships to increase their participation in inter-Asian trade.

For what reason did the Dutch kill or enslave nearly the entire population of the Bandanese Islands? The Dutch wanted to construct a fort to protect themselves from the Spaniards in Manila. The Dutch wanted revenge after the traditional chiefs of Banda killed Dutch diplomats. The Dutch wanted to buy nutmeg at a low price in the Bandanese Islands and sell nutmeg at many times that price in Europe. The Dutch wanted to intimidate the inhabitants of the nearby Maluku islands to sell their silk only to the Dutch.

The Dutch wanted to buy nutmeg at a low price in the Bandanese Islands and sell nutmeg at many times that price in Europe.

For what reason did the Tokugawa shoguns expel all foreign traders except for the Dutch? The Japanese did not have the capacity to collect taxes from dispersed trading companies. The Japanese feared that British technology would destabilize Japan. The Dutch were Protestants and did not proselytize. The Dutch would not undercut the Japanese economy by importing silver.

The Dutch were Protestants and did not proselytize.

During the sixteenth century, what impact did the European presence in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea have on Asian dynasties? The European presence undermined Asian rulers' control of territory and people. The European presence encouraged the militarization of empires and more warfare. The European presence was so minimal that it made no impact. The European presence enhanced Asian rulers' wealth and might.

The European presence enhanced Asian rulers' wealth and might.

Which of the following best describes the initial relationship that developed between French North American colonists and Amerindians? The French allied with the English against Amerindians. Wars with the French displaced native peoples from their homelands. The French relied on native peoples' knowledge of trapping and adapted to Amerindian ways. The French brought new agricultural techniques, which improved the diet of native peoples.

The French relied on native peoples' knowledge of trapping and adapted to Amerindian ways.

Which of the following was a consequence of the political and economic disorder in the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century? The Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy. The influence of merchants in Ottoman politics increased. The Koprulu reforms failed to re-energize the Ottoman government. The Ottoman sultans turned to the Safavids for military support.

The Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy.

Which of the following best explains why the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean sea lanes in the early sixteenth century? The Portuguese developed the joint stock company, which allowed them to invest more freely. The Portuguese used their superior navigational abilities to travel outside the sight of land. The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships. The Portuguese negotiated an exclusive trade relationship with the Ming for porcelain.

The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships.

Which of the following characterized the Portuguese presence in sixteenth-century Macao? The Portuguese were the largest group of traders at Macao. The Portuguese took over much of the silver trade between China and Korea. The Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China. The Portuguese established a permanent colony in China.

The Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China.

Which of the following was a major difference between the rulers of Spain and Portugal and the Ottomans? The Ottomans appointed leaders of local religions to their governmental bureaucracy; the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs did not. The Spanish and Portuguese rulers expelled or forced the conversion of members of other religions; the Ottomans permitted those with diverse religious beliefs to remain in their territories. The Ottomans taxed overseas trade to fill the imperial treasury; the Spanish and Portuguese rulers did not. The Ottomans used marriage as a way to consolidate their political power; the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs did not.

The Spanish and Portuguese rulers expelled or forced the conversion of members of other religions; the Ottomans permitted those with diverse religious beliefs to remain in their territories.

Which of the following characterized Spanish tributary empires? The Spanish refrained for religious reasons from intermingling with indigenous women who were part of their conscripted labor force. The Spanish relied solely on European economic structures in order to gain access to goods and labor from native peoples. The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants. The Spanish retained indigenous rulers as puppets through whom they could govern.

The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants.

After 1570, why was Japan supplanted as the primary source of silver for China? The Spanish discovered new sources of silver in the Philippines, which was closer to China than Japan was. The Japanese closed their doors to all external trade, in order to avoid European domination. The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas. Japanese silver was mined out, leaving them with little to trade internationally.

The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas.

Which of the following beliefs was shared by Luther and Calvin? The belief that ordinary people needed priests to act as intermediaries between themselves and God The belief that humans could gain admittance to heaven through their pious actions The belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the scriptures The belief that clergymen need to be celibate

The belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the scriptures

Which of the following attributes made the caravel useful in exploring African coasts? The caravel had four masts with square sails, allowing it to sail into the winds that roared up the African coast. The caravel was a method of finding longitude, which allowed Portuguese mariners to locate themselves out of sight of land. The caravel was a Muslim invention that allowed sailors to determine latitude by measuring the height of the sun above the horizon. The caravel was sturdy enough to sail rough Atlantic seas, while its ability to tack using its triangular sails made it maneuverable in coastal estuaries.

The caravel was sturdy enough to sail rough Atlantic seas, while its ability to tack using its triangular sails made it maneuverable in coastal estuaries.

What was the Western European Christian church's response to challenges to its authority following the plague? The church threw its support behind one ruler for all of Europe. The church demanded strict obedience and persecuted those who questioned its doctrines. The church gave up its attempts to reassert its former secular powers. The church became less hierarchical.

The church demanded strict obedience and persecuted those who questioned its doctrines.

Why can historians claim that Mughal rulers were victims of their own success? The combination of prosperity and dependence on local elites for governance allowed the local elites to become more autonomous. The policy of religious toleration encouraged fighting among representatives of different religions. Mughal support for the orthodox ulama led to rebellions among heterodox Muslims and non-Muslims. Peasant revolts against the cash economy undermined the empire's tax base.

The combination of prosperity and dependence on local elites for governance allowed the local elites to become more autonomous.

What was the benefit to the Spanish crown of an encomienda? The crown could use the encomienda to directly oversee missionary work among the Indians. The crown could use the encomienda to export Iberian prisoners to work mines in the Americas. The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos. The crown could use the encomenderos as forced labor on sugar plantations.

The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos.

Which of the following is the best description of the economic impact of the Black Death on Afro-Eurasia? South Asian societies were most disrupted by the Black Death, with the destruction of the Brahman caste. The plague left much of the Islamic world in a state of near political collapse, destroying the Umayyad caliphate. Infected victims died slowly, coughing blood and oozing pus from sores the size of tennis balls. The deaths of many farmers led to food shortages, which in turn led to rapidly rising prices, work stoppages, and unrest.

The deaths of many farmers led to food shortages, which in turn led to rapidly rising prices, work stoppages, and unrest.

Which of the following undermined both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires? The inability to placate diverse ethnic groups led to warfare, which undermined their political systems. The influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic autonomy. The territorial expansion of Russia took provinces from both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires. Religious strife within Islam sapped the government and social systems of both the Ottomans and Mughals.

The influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic autonomy.

Which of the following was a major milestone in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain? The monarchs became politically isolated in Europe as other monarchs refused to make alliances with these "new" rulers. The last Muslim stronghold in Spain—Granada—fell to Christian forces. Spain instituted broad religious toleration so that Jewish learning and finance could be used to support naval exploration. The Spanish economy oriented itself toward the Mediterranean to take advantage of new trade with the Ottoman Empire.

The last Muslim stronghold in Spain—Granada—fell to Christian forces.

How did Dutch merchants contribute to the development of European commerce? They established a stock exchange, a banking system, and a system for insuring cargoes. They raised the price of shipping in order to help Europeans make a profit in the Atlantic trade. They encouraged the monetization of European economies by importing large quantities of silver and gold. They invented mercantilism.

They established a stock exchange, a banking system, and a system for insuring cargoes.

What circumstance permitted the English and Dutch to expand their trade in Asia and the Americas? They explored new areas of the Americas and started their own silver mines. They found a passage through the Americas to Asia and got rich through trade with China. They took advantage of Spain's bankruptcy caused by religious and dynastic wars. They received opportunities to trade in the Americas and Asia from the Catholic Church as part of an attempt to achieve rapprochement.

They took advantage of Spain's bankruptcy caused by religious and dynastic wars.

During the sixteenth century, to what use did Mughals put their increased global and local commerce? They tried to force the Dutch and English out of the Indian Ocean trade. They formed closer tributary ties with Ming China. They sponsored their own voyages of exploration. They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture and art.

They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture and art.

Which of the following statements best describes the Ottoman rulers' stance toward regional differences within their territory? They demanded strict conformity to the Shiite branch of Islam. They were flexible and tolerant. Their policies forced the Turkish language upon Arabs and Europeans. They abandoned control of rural areas to local authorities and focused their attention exclusively on controlling urban areas.

They were flexible and tolerant.

Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia? They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean. They were responding to the Black Death, which had made their old trade routes too dangerous to use. They needed a new source of gold and silver and believed it could be found in Asia. They wanted to establish a closer relationship with the Chinese and learn more about their agricultural techniques.

They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean.

Which of the following was the most common way that African slaves in the Americas resisted the conditions of their enslavement? They formed committees to petition the government for better conditions. Hundreds of violent slave revolts broke out across the Caribbean. Slaves tried to increase their productivity so that their masters would free them as a reward. Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands.

Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands.

Which of the following factors led to China's economic expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? Improved agricultural techniques The expansion of trade with Europeans Thriving and elaborate internal trade networks The conquest of neighboring states

Thriving and elaborate internal trade networks

What was Portugal's primary goal in the Indian Ocean trade? To take over the trade or tax local merchants To conquer as much territory as possible To develop cooperative relationships with local rulers To sell African products in Asian markets

To take over the trade or tax local merchants

In general, the slave trade helped to shift wealth toward which African social group? Village elders Warrior elites Religious leaders Subsistence farmers

Warrior elites

Which of the following factors made the Safavid Empire the most unstable of the large Muslim states? Weak rulers and internal divisions Loss of trade revenue and land to the Mughals Invasion by the Portuguese and Dutch The influence of Europeans and Indians at the Safavid court

Weak rulers and internal divisions

From where did the Europeans get the model of sugar cane production used in their American colonies? South Asia West Africa East Asia South Africa

West Africa

Ming officials, in contrast to rulers in Portugal and Spain, viewed maritime expansion as: an important source of government revenue. a means of expanding the influence of the ruler. a potential source of disorder and instability. a means of expanding the reach of Buddhism.

a potential source of disorder and instability.

To consolidate rule over their conquered empire, the Ottoman sultans: adopted Byzantine administrative practices while maintaining devotion to Islam. left the protection of Islamic holy cities to the local inhabitants. left the city of Istanbul to crumble while building their new imperial capital at Bursa. embraced a warrior ideal, while shunning civil bureaucratic administration.

adopted Byzantine administrative practices while maintaining devotion to Islam.

To project imperial power and grandeur, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty: constructed the Forbidden City. overthrew the Yuan dynasty. began building the Great Wall. began building the Grand Canal

constructed the Forbidden City.

Throughout the fourteenth century, Portuguese Christian rulers attempted to consolidate power by: rejecting the Catholic Church and trying to align themselves with Greek Orthodox Christians. working toward closer ties to the other states on the Iberian peninsula. devoting themselves to fighting the Moors. adopting a pacifist ideology and built a lasting state around it.

devoting themselves to fighting the Moors.

The English colonial model in the New World differed from that of other European states in that it: depended on enslaving native peoples to mine silver. depended on peaceful relationships and trade with native peoples. resulted from a desire to spread Christianity to as many parts of the world as possible. dispossessed native peoples from their lands in order to accommodate a growing English settler population.

dispossessed native peoples from their lands in order to accommodate a growing English settler population.

In the fourteenth century, political stabilization in southern Europe was aided by: the growth of Latin as an international language. the Catholic Church, which realized that a powerful king could secure the church's authority. feudalism, which revived in the late fourteenth century. economic growth through sea trade with southwest Asia.

economic growth through sea trade with southwest Asia.

Identify the primary reason that Renaissance culture spread throughout Europe by the late sixteenth century: the persecution of Renaissance humanists in Spain, causing them to move to Northern Europe. economic prosperity and competition between political and religious leaders. the drastic increase in literacy as a result of the use of the printing press. an influx of Muslim intellectuals after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

economic prosperity and competition between political and religious leaders.

Emperor Hongwu, because he distrusted state bureaucrats and wished to be seen as the guardian of his subjects: entrusted management of the rural regions to local leaders. placed all authority in the hands of imperial bureaucrats. emphasized social equality in order to earn loyalty from the marginalized members of society. encouraged his prime minister to focus on provincial rule.

entrusted management of the rural regions to local leaders.

In order to reestablish political order following the crises of the fourteenth century, many dynastic rulers: fostered beliefs and rituals that confirmed their legitimacy, such as stating that their power had a divine source. turned to popularly elected councils and civil servants for support. rejected support from traditional religious leaders because of the people's loss of faith in the answers they provided. closed trade routes to concentrate on the problems of the local populace.

fostered beliefs and rituals that confirmed their legitimacy, such as stating that their power had a divine source.

Seeing themselves as "the shadow of God" on earth, Ottoman sultans: forced all of their subjects to convert to Islam. assumed the role of protector of holy cities in Greece and Italy. funded construction of elaborate mosques. made Arabic the official language of administration.

funded construction of elaborate mosques.

The Portuguese monarchs successfully consolidated their political power by: seeking peace between the Moors and the Castilians. granting Atlantic islands to nobles as lucrative hereditary possessions, ensuring the political loyalty of noble families and merchants. allowing the Portuguese nobility to elect members of their own ranks to be king. using advanced scientific knowledge to prevent the Black Death from devastating the Portuguese population.

granting Atlantic islands to nobles as lucrative hereditary possessions, ensuring the political loyalty of noble families and merchants.

The Protestant Reformation encouraged the growth of nationalism in Europe by encouraging people to: identify their religion with their local state and language. be more tolerant of one another. end the requirement that priests be celibate. revive ancient pagan traditions in Christian observances.

identify their religion with their local state and language.

The janissaries: maintained steadfast loyalty to the sultan and limited the autonomy of provincial rulers. became bureaucrats who served the interest of their respective ethnic groups. were primarily warriors, and rarely became architects or bureaucrats. were conscripts from Muslim villages, and maintained the religious purity of the bureaucracy.

maintained steadfast loyalty to the sultan and limited the autonomy of provincial rulers.

In Spain, a strong dynasty was created primarily through: marriage. warfare. the leading role of the rulers of Granada. the establishment of a merit-based bureaucracy.

marriage

Ming rulers strengthened their role in traditional rites and ceremonies to: successfully undermine the practice of Confucianism among their subjects. show that the gods favored the Ming. eliminate civil and military cults as a threat to Ming authority. ensure that farmers would pay their taxes to distant rulers.

show that the gods favored the Ming.

Populations in both China and Western Europe succumbed to the plague in large numbers because both had: been conquered by the Mongols and had no strong political structure. suffered from years of famine and food shortages that had weakened the populations. little settled agriculture. large pastoral populations who spread the plague

suffered from years of famine and food shortages that had weakened the populations.

The group that eventually drove the Mongols out of China was known as: the Red Turbans. the Yellow Turbans. the Beghards. the Uighurs.

the Red Turbans

In The Prince, Niccolò Machiavelli argued that: the prince had a responsibility to demonstrate good morals to his subjects. the main goal of the prince was holding and exercising power. the prince should rule based on the principles of modern statecraft instead of moral or religious values. the prince had a natural right to force religious uniformity on his kingdom.

the prince should rule based on the principles of modern statecraft instead of moral or religious values.