Chapter 12: Social Psychology

Psychologists Latané and Darley conducted a study in which foul-smelling smoke started coming through heating vents in a room where participants were filling out a questionnaire. Place in order the participants who would seek help within 6 minutes from most to least likely.

- a participant who was alone - a participant who was with two other naive participants - a participate who was with two calm confederates

After a hurricane breaks all the windows in the stores on Commercial Street, under which circumstances is Mark likely to start looting local businesses due to deindividuation?

Correct: - Mark is emotionally aroused by the devastation of the storm. - The town is large, and Mark doesn't know many people there. Incorrect: - Mark remains self-aware. - Mark passes a store that has not yet been looted and is full of goods.

A group of movie executives is trying to decide what movie to produce. When would the movie executives be more likely to produce an action movie that most of them do not like as a result of groupthink?

Correct: - The company is under pressure from investors to produce a hit. - The executives want a quick meeting with very little discussion. - The president of the company really likes the action movie and voices his opinion to the group at the beginning of the meeting. Incorrect: - One person plays the role of devil's advocate and tries to explore ways in which the action movie might be a bad idea.

Based on the bystander effect, in which of the following situations are people more likely to offer help?

Correct: - There are only two people in a parking lot and one of them is having trouble starting his car. - A person on an isolated hiking trail falls and asks the next hiker who walks by to help him to his car. - One person approaches another and asks for a dollar to buy a bus ticket home. Incorrect: - A man runs out of a burning building and shouts for someone to help him rescue his cat, which is still inside. - A disheveled-looking hitchhiker stands on a busy road, trying to catch a ride.

Which of the following factors would make two people more likely to develop interpersonal attraction and friendship?

Likely to Develop Attraction - They find each other physically attractive. - They look familiar to one another. - They come into contact frequently. - They are both kind and trustworthy. - They have similar attitudes and backgrounds. Unlikely to Develop Attraction - They have opposite interests. - They have different personality traits.

Which of the following statements best describe a couple who has been married for 10 years and which best describe a couple who has been dating for 6 months?

Married for 10 years: - Their relationship is based on social support, friendship, and intimacy. - They will have sex about half as frequently as before. - Their emotional reliance on each other will continue. Dating for 6 Months: - They will want to have sex as often as they can. - They are continually sexually aroused when they are with their partner. - They are experiencing passionate love.

Match each term about attribution with its corresponding example. actor/observer bias fundamental attribution error

actor/observer bias: Wally believed the person who cut him off on the highway was inconsiderate and selfish, but if he was in a hurry, he would believe himself to be justified in cutting off another driver. fundamental attribution error: John believed the person who cut him off on the highway was inconsiderate and selfish.

Match each term with its definition. obedience compliance conformity

obedience: following the orders of a person in authority compliance: agreeing to do things requested by others conformity: altering one's behaviors to match the behaviors or expectations of others

Match each term about attribution with its description. actor/observer bias fundamental attribution error dispositional attributions situational attributions

actor/observer bias: the tendency to explain your behavior using situational attributions but explaining other people's behavior using dispositional attributions fundamental attribution error:explaining behavior by overemphasizing a person's personality traits while underestimating the situation dispositional attributions: explaining behavior based on a person's internal characteristics situational attributions: explaining behavior based on external factors

Match each term about attitudes with its example. cognitive dissonance implicit attitude explicit attitude

cognitive dissonance: A person knows that soda is bad for her, so she makes an excuse to rationalize why she bought it. implicit attitude: A person does not recall seeing an advertisement for a certain brand of tea, but when shopping, she buys the tea. explicit attitude: A person goes out of his way to buy organic coffee.

Match each term with its corresponding description. group polarization groupthink risky-shift effect social loafing

group polarization: Group members believe something even more strongly after discussing it. groupthink: Groups can make bad decisions based on pressure to maintain the group's cohesiveness. risky-shift effect: People in groups tend to make bolder decisions than people on their own. social loafing: Individual effort decreases as group size increases.

Match each term with its definition. informational influence social norms normative influence

informational influence: going along with the crowd due to the belief that others have a good reason for their behavior social norms: expected standards of conduct normative influence: going along with the crowd to fit in and avoid looking silly

Match each concept of cognitive dissonance with its example. insufficient justification justification of effort postdecisional dissonance

insufficient justification: Dana is shoveling the snow from her driveway. Her neighbor, Mike, asks if she can shovel his driveway too since she is already outside. Even though she is tired and doesn't really want to, Dana shovels Mike's driveway. She justifies her behavior because she likes her neighbor. justification of effort: Efram decides to drive an hour away to go to a new restaurant, but the food turns out to be tasteless and unappealing. Efram concludes that he needed to get out of the house for an evening. postdecisional dissonance: Adrienne decides to vacation in Thailand rather than Mongolia. Once she arrives in Thailand, which has gorgeous beaches, she thinks about how much better it is than Mongolia, which has no beaches.