Chapter 1,2,3,4 Copy

How do competing theories and hypotheses advance science?

- Researchers are rarely unbiased in their pursuit of science, striving to "prove" their ideas correct leads to improved methods and better science. - Unequivocal or unambiguous empirical data often serves to settle debates regarding conflicting and competing hypotheses. The best theories produce the most accurate data and lead to the best predictions.

Conversion

...

First Law of Thermodynamics

...

Fuel cell

...

Heat Transfer

...

Radiation

...

Second Law of thermodynamics

...

Specific Heat capacity

...

System

...

Hypothesis

A tentative guess about how the world works based on a summery of experimental or observational results and phrased so that it can be tested by experimentation

Physics

A Branch of science devoted to the study of matter and motion

Scientific Method

A Continuous Process Used to collect observations form and test hypotheses make predictions and identify patterns in the physical world

Reproducible

A Criterion for the results of an experiment. In the scientific method observations and experiments must be reported in usch a way that anyone with the proper equipment can verify the results

Peer Review

A System by which the editor of a scientific journal submits manuscripts considered for publications to a panel of knowledge scientists who in confidence evaluate the manuscripts for mistakes misstatement or shoddy procedures following the review if the manuscript is the be published it is returned to the author with a list of modifications and correction to be completed

Theory

A description of the world that covers a relatively large number of phenomena and has met many observational and experimental tests a conclusion based upon observations of nature

Predictions

A guess about how a particular system will behave followed by observations to see if the system did behave as expected within a specified range of situations

Pseudoscience

A kind of inquiry falling in the realm of belief or dogma which includes subjects that cannot be proved or disproved with reproducible test. The subjects include creationism extrasensory perception (ESP) UFOS astrology crustal power and reincarnation

Research and Development

A kind of research aimed at specific problems usually performed in government and industrial labs

If a person weighs 150 pounds, what does he weigh in Newtons?

A pound of force, the force felt by one pound of weight on Earth's surface, is equal to about 4.48 Newtons. The bathroom scale gives weight in pounds. The force felt by a person weighing 150 pounds on the surface of Earth is about: (150 lb) x (4.48 N/1 lb) = 672 N

Force

A push or a pull that acting alone causes a change in acceleration of the object on which it acts

Temperature

A quantity that reflects how vigorously atoms are moving and colliding in the material

Convection Cell

A region in a fluid in which heat is continuously being transfused by bulk motion of heated fluid form a heat source to the surface of the fluid where heat is released the cooled fluid then sinks and the cycle repeats

What is a trophic level? Give some examples. How much energy is lost in moving from one trophic level to the next level? level? Ans:

A trophic level consists of all organisms that acquire their energy from the same source. Many examples are possible: Photosynthetic plants, carnivorous animals. Roughly, 90% of the available energy is lost at each trophic level.

If your car goes from 0 to 60 miles per hour in 6 seconds, what is your acceleration? If you step on the brake and your car goes from 60 miles per hour to 0 in 3 seconds, what is your acceleration?

Acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity) / time Step on the gas: acceleration= (60 mi/hr - 0 mi/hr) / 6 sec = 10 mi / hr / sec Step on the brake: Acceleration =(60mi/hr-0mi/hr)/3sec= -20mi/hr/sec Extra information. We can convert this answer to SI units by: 60 mi/hour= 96.6 kilometers/hour = 26.8 m/sec. So in SI units we would get accelerations of 4.5 m/sec2 and -8.9 m/sec2, respectively.

Tropic Level

All organisms that get their energy from the same source

Gravity

An attractive force that acts on every object in the universe

What is uniform motion? How did Newton's description of uniform motion differ from that of previous scholars?

An object is in uniform motion if it travels in a straight line at constant speed. Previous scholars believed that objects moved in circles without any intervening force.

Law

An overarching statement of how the universe works following repeated and rigorous observations and testing of a theory group of related theories

Conservation Law

Any statement that says that a quantity in nature does not change

What was Kepler's role in interpreting Tycho Brahe's data?

As a mathematician, Kepler summarized all of Brahe's data into simple mathematical statements about the universe: o The planets and the sun follow elliptical, not circular orbits o Earth is not the center of the universe.

Velocity

The distance and object travels divided by the time it takes to travel that distance including the direction of the velocity of the falling object is proportional to the length of time that it has been falling

Newton's law of universal gravitation

Between any to objects in the universe there is an attractive force that is proportional to the square of the distance between them. in other words the more massive two objects are the greater the force between them will be and the farther apart they are the less the force will be

Write an equation in words and then in symbols for the following sentence: The change in the number of individuals in a population is equal to the difference between the number of births and deaths.

Change in population = deaths - births. P=D-B

Why is mathematics considered the "language of science"?

Mathematics provides a medium or "language" to understand and communicate the observed patterns inherent in nature.

How did the discovery that mass is a form of energy resolve the debate over Earth's age?

Early researchers (e.g., Lord Kelvin) were unaware of radioactivity as a form of energy. When geothermal energy production (via radioactive decay) was incorporated into the calculations of Earth's age, physicist's calculations were finally in conformity with geological and biological observations

What does it mean to say that different forms of energy are interchangeable?

Energy in one form (e.g., potential) can be changed into another (e.g., kinetic) and vice versa.

Potential Energy

The energy a system possesses if it is capable of doing work but is not doing work now. Types of potential energy include magnetic elastic electrical and chemical any type of energy waiting to be release stored energy

What were Tycho Brahe's principal contributions to science? How did he try to resolve the question of the structure of the universe?

He used improved instrumentation (i.e., the quadrant) to make his observations, and by doing so accumulated a vast amount of data on the positions and movements of the planets.

In what ways does your everyday life involve science?

Science plays a role in almost every facet of our lives The technology that one uses. Medical care, sanitation, refrigeration, etc.

Describe the steps of the scientific method.

Pattern identification, hypotheses, prediction, observations, experimentation, and data.

Work

The force exerted times the distance over which it is exerted measured in joules in the metric system in foot pounds in english

weight

The force of gravity on an object

Biology

The Branch of Science Dedicated to living things

Why was the Ptolemaic system accepted as an explanation of celestial motion for over a thousand years? What did it explain? What system challenged the idea that Earth was the center of the universe?

The Ptolemaic system "worked" (i.e., it allowed for the prediction of natural phenomena.) It gave a plausible explanation of the movement of celestial bodies. The Copernican system challenged the belief that Earth was the center of the universe.

Entropy

The Thermodynamics quantity that describes the degree of randomness the higher the statistical probability of the state and the higher the entropy

Thermal Conductivity

The ability of materials to transfer heat energy from one molecule to the next by conduction when thermal conductivity is low as in wood or fiberglass insulation the transfer of heat is slowed down

Energy

The ability to do work the capacity to exert a force over a distance a systems energy can be measured in joules or food pounds

Measurements

The act of determining the quantitative value of a variable of interest

Observation

The act of observing nature without manipulating it

Acceleration

The amount of change in velocity divided by the time it takes the change to occur. acceleration can involve changes of speed, changes in direction or both

Mass

The amount of matter contained in an object independent of where that object is found

Efficiency

The amount of work you get from an engine divided by the amount of energy you put in

Technology

The application of the results of science to specific commercial or industrial goals

Chemistry

The branch of science devoted to the study of the combination of atoms and molecules

Geology

The branch of science devoted to the study of the solid earth

Mechanics

The branch of science that deals with the motions of material objects and the forces that act on them for example a rolling rock or a thrown ball

Mechanics

The branch of science that deals with the motions of material objects and the forces that act on them for example a rolling rock or thrown ball

Mathematics

The branch of study devoted to the study of numbers equations and geometry

Speed

The distance an object travels divided by the time it takes to travel that distance

Velocity

The distance an object travels divided by the time it takes to travel that distance including the direction of travel. The velocity of a falling object is proportional to the length of time that it has been falling

Speed

The distance and object travels divided by the time it takes to travel that distance

What s the relationship between heat, energy and the motion of atoms?

The key to understanding the nature of heat is that all atoms and molecules are in constant random motion. The greater the motion, the greater the kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules and therefore the greater the heat.

Wave Energy

The kinetic energy associated with different kinds of waves such as kinetic energy possessed by a large amounts of water in rapid motion and electromagnetic radiation stored in changing electrical and magnetic fields

Thermal Energy

The kinetic energy of atoms and molecules that we normally call heat

Experiments

The manipulation of some aspect of nature to observe an outcome

Heat

The measure of the quantity of atomic kinetic energy contained in every object

uniform motion

The motion of an object if it travels in a straight line at a constant speed. all other motions involve acceleration

Conduction

The movement of heat by collisions between vibrating atoms or molecules one of three mechanism by which heat moves

Power

The rate at which work is done or energy is expanded the amount of work done divided by the time it takes to do it. Power is measured in watts in the metric system horse power in english

Fact

The result of an experiment or observation

Astronomy

The study of objects in the Heavens

Absolute Zero

The temperature zero kelvins at which no energy can be extracted from atoms and the coldest attainable temperature is equal to -273.16c or -459.67F

Kinetic Energy

The type of energy associated with moving objects the energy of motion. Kinetic energy is equal to the mass of the moving object times the square of that objects velocity multiplied by 1/2

Basic Research

The type of research performed by scientists who are simply finding out how the world works in knowledge for its own sake

applied research

The type of research preformed by scientists with specific and piratical goals in mind. This research is often translated into practical systems by large-Scale research and development projects

Newtons laws of motion

Three basic principles expressed as laws that govern the the motion of everything in the universe from the stars and planets to cannonballs and muscles. First law states that a moving object will continue moving in a straight line at a constant speed, and a stationary object will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. The second law states that the acceleration produced on a body by a force is proportional to the magnitude of the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. The third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

How does science help human beings?

To understand, predict and allow productive interactions with our physical surroundings.

Write an equation in words and then in symbols for the following sentence: The price of coffee beans is equal to the weight of the beans times the price of the beans per pound.

Total price = Weight x Price per pound Many symbols are possible. One example: $ = lbs x $/lbs

How much force are you exerting when you lift a 50-pound dumbbell? What units will you use to describe this force?

Weight, in pounds, is the force exerted on an object by gravity at the earth's surface. To lift the object, that force must be countered by the lifting force, i.e. 50 pounds. Extra information. Force is measured in Newtons (N) in the metric system. Using the conversion factor derived in problem #1, the steady-state (non-accelerating) force required to lift the 50-pound dumbbell is 224 Newtons. (50 lb) x (4.48 N/1 lb) = 224 N

What is the scientific definition of work?

Work is defined as force is exerted over a distance or force times distance: W = F x d

Which of the following statements could be tested scientifically to determine whether it is true or false?

a. Women are shorter than men. b. Most of the Sun's energy is in the form of heat energy. e. Earth was created over 4 billion years ago. g. Diamond is harder than steel.

Categorize the following examples as basic research or applied research.

a. the discovery of a new species of bird. Basic b. the development of a more fuel-efficient vehicle. Applied c. the breeding of a new variety of disease-resistant wheat. Applied d. a study of the ecological role of grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park. Basic e. the identification of a new chemical compound. Basic. f. the development of a new drug for cancer or AIDS patients. Applied g. the improvement of wind turbines for energy production. Applied

How did Galileo apply the scientific method to his study of falling objects?

n Galileo's experiments, the quantification/measurement of observations (i.e., the application of mathematics) via experimentation led to ever-improving hypotheses and theories.

acceleration

the amount of change in velocity divided by the time it takes the change to occur acceleration can involve changes of speed changes in direction or both