Chapter 13-14 Research Methods

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A researcher investigated whether the noise level in a room influenced productivity. For this experiment, df-bet = 3 and df-wn = 20. What is F-crit? Use α=0.05. A. 3.10 B. 3.59 C. 4.94 D. 8.66

A study investigated the influence of age and time pressure on creativity. The HSD for the interaction effect was 1.76. The table below shows the absolute differences between the cell means. Where are the significant differences? (graph about age and time pressure) A. Between the mean for participants Over 65 at the 30-second time pressure and the mean for Over 65 at the 2-minute time pressure B. (1) Between the mean for participants Over 65 at the 30-second time pressure and the mean for Over 65 at the 2-minute time pressure, and (2) between the mean for the College-Age group at the 30-second time pressure and the mean for the Over 65 group at the 30-second time pressure C. None of the cells are significantly different D. All of the cells are significantly different

An independent variable that is studied by measuring the same subjects under all conditions is called a A. within-subjects factor B. between-subjects factor C. level D. treatment

In a two-way ANOVA, the values of n and k A. may be different for each factor B. may be different for each level within a factor C. will always be the same for each factor D. will never be the same for different factors

Suppose you perform a 2x3 ANOVA on 18 participants equally divided across all cells. Your F-obt for Factor A is 9.15. This is a significant F-obt. Which of the following is the correct way to report this finding? A. Fa (1,12)=9.15; p < 0.05 B. Fa (2,18)=9.15; p < 0.05 C. Fa (1,12)=9.15; p > 0.05 D. Fa (2,15)=9.15; p < 0.05

The effect of the independent variable corresponds with which of the following ANOVA terms? A. Treatment effect B. Factor C. Mean square D. Level

A study investigated whether taking a test in the same room in which a person studies helps performance on the test. The means are below. Which of the graphs correctly portrays the interaction? A. Graph A B. Graph B C. Graph C D. Graph D

A study of the effect of IQ on musical ability involved three levels of IQ-below average, average, and above average. A total of 36 participants were involved. Of the 36 participants, 8 were determined to have a below-average intelligence, 18 were of average intelligence, and 10 were if above-average intelligence. The df-bet= ______, df-wn = _____, and df-tot=_____ A. 33, 2, 35 B. 2, 33, 35 C. 2, 35, 33 D. 35, 33, 2

A two-way ANOVA contains A. a main effect for each factor B. a main effect for each factor and an interaction C. an interaction for each factor and a main effect D. an interaction for each factor

An unconfounded comparison occurs in comparing two cell means when A. there are unequal ns in the cells B. the two cells differ along one factor C. the two cells differ along more than one factor D. there are unequal ns in the factor

Error variance, or the error term, is equal to A. SS-wn B. MS-wn C. SS-bet D. MS-bet

In statistical terminology, when we "collapse across a factor," we average together all the scores A. from all the cells, ignoring which level of either factor they fall into B. within each level of a factor, ignoring which level of the other factor they fall into C. from each factor, ignoring which level they fall into D. from all levels of all the factors

Post hoc comparisons are used A. prior to the calculation of F-obt to determine if an ANOVA is necessary B. after F-obt is found to be significant C. after F-obt is found to be nonsignificant D. when we plan on comparing only certain specified pairs of sample means with each other

The "adjusted k" in Tukey's HSD is adjusted to take into account A. the number of confounded comparisons we can make out of all the cell means in our interaction B. the number of unconfounded comparisons we can make out of all the cell means in our interaction C. the adjustment factor used when there are unequal ns in the cells D. the total number of cell means in a study

The F-distribution is defined as the A. distribution of all possible values of F regardless of whether H₀ is true or false B. sampling distribution showing all values of F that occur when H₀ is true and all conditions represent one population μ C. distance of each sample mean from the mean of the sampling distribution in estimated standard error units D. sampling distribution showing all values of F that occur when H₀ is false and all conditions represent different population µs

The H₀ for a main effect of a two-way ANOVA is that the samples in the various levels are drawn from populations were A. there are unequal variances B. there are equal means C. there are equal variances D. the scores are normally distributed

The independent variable matches which of the following ANOVA terms? A. Treatment effect B. Factor C. Mean square D. Level

The larger the value of η² A. the less consistent the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable B. the more important the manipulation (independent variable) is in determining participants' scores C. the less important the manipulation (independent variable) is in determining participants' scores D. the more variable the effects of the factor (independent variable) are on the participants' scores

To graph an interaction, place the ____ on the X axis, place the ___ along the Y axis, and show the second factor by _____ A. levels of one factor; levels of the other factor; plotting the cell means for the dependent variable B. levels of one factor; dependent variable; drawing a separate line for each level of the second factor, with each line connecting the means for the levels C. levels of one factor; levels of the other factor; creating a similar but separate graph for each cell mean D. levels of one factor; dependent variable; creating a similar but separate graph for each level of the other factor

A confounded comparison occurs in comparing two cell means when A. there are unequal ns in the cells B. the two cells differ along one factor C. the two cells differ along more than one factor D. there are unequal ns in the factor

A professor and his graduate students conducted a study testing the effects of levels of collaborative learning (Factor A) and levels of constructivist instruction (Factor B) on student learning (dependent variable). Their partial summary table is shown here. What was Fa? Factor B∨(bet): SS=30, df=1, Mean²=30, F=15 AxB Interaction∨(bet): SS=26, df=2, Mean²=13, F=6.5 Within: SS=108, df=54, Mean²=2 Total: SS=204, df=59 A. Fa=8 B. Fa=9 C. Fa=10 D. Fa=11

A study investigated the influence of relaxation training (relaxation training vs. no relaxation training) and type of sleep-inducing product (Brand X vs. Brand Y) on the amount of time it takes a person to fall asleep (in minutes). Partial results from the data analysis are in the table below. Compute the effect size for the relaxation factor. (table of between/within/total SS and df) A. 0.14 B. 0.30 C. 0.37 D. 0.70

In a 3x4 design with four participants per cell, the degrees of freedom to use in looking up the F-crit for the interaction effect would be A. 2, 36 B. 4,48 C. 6, 36 D. 6, 48

In a 4×2 design with 80 participants distributed equally across the conditions, what are k∨(axb) and n∨(a₁b₁)? A. k∨(axb)=4; n∨(a₁b₁)=20 B. k∨(axb)=6; n∨(a₁b₁)=10 C. k∨(axb)=8; n∨(a₁b₁)=10 D. k∨(axb)=8; n∨(a₁b₁)=80

In a one-way, between-subjects ANOVA, MSbn is an estimate of A. treatment variance only B. error variance only C. treatment variance plus error variance D. treatment variance minus error variance

The primary interpretation of a two-way ANOVA rests on the interpretation of the A. main effects B. ANOVA summary table C. interaction effect, if it is significant D. means for the main effects

Usually the effect size for any significant effects in a two-way ANOVA is determined by computing _____, the proportion of variance accounted for in the sample A. SS-wn B. F-obt C. η² D. ω²

We do not compare cell means in post hoc analysis when the cells are confounded because A. confounded cell means cannot differ significantly B. confounded cell means contain too much error variance C. even if the difference were significant, we could not tell where it came from D. if the difference were significant, it would cast doubt on the interpretation of other significant differences

When Ha is true, F-obt should be A. =0.0 B. =1.0 C. >1.0 D. ≤0.0

When H₀ is true, all scores in the experiment come from the same population and MS-bet will be _______ MS-wn. A. less than B. greater than C. equal to D. different from

When an experiment design has two factors but one factor involves related samples while the other factor involves independent samples, we should perform a A. two-way within-subjects ANOVA B. two-way between-subjects ANOVA C. two-way mixed-design ANOVA D. two-way independent-factors ANOVA

When graphed, a significant interaction effect produces two or more lines that A. slant upward from left to right B. slant downward from left to right C. are not parallel D. have either U shapes or inverted U shapes

An educational psychologist is interested whether attitudes toward school change with age. She randomly selects 30 seventh-graders, 30 ninth-graders, and 30 eleventh-graders and administers a "Do you like school?" test. How many factors does this experiment have? A. 3 B. 90 C. 30 D. 1

Corey is researching the effect of memory-enhancing, memory-impairing, and memory-neutral drugs on the ability of rats to run a maze. He has a total of 45 rats available for his study. He randomly assigns an equal number of rats to each treatment condition. If he calculates his sum of x squared total = 60 and (sum of xtot)=40, what is his SStot? A. 59.11 B. 1.33 C. 80.00 D. 24.44

If you have a two-way ANOVA with a 2×3 design, and the A main effect is the only significant Fobt, which of the following would you do? A. Perform post hoc comparisons for the 3 levels of the B factor B. Perform post hoc comparisons for the 2 levels of the A factor C. Perform post hoc comparisons for the interaction effect D. Perform no post hoc comparisons

If η² for a factor is 0.09, A. the importance of the factor should be emphasized in the interpretation of the overall experiment B. the importance of the factor should not be emphasized in the interpretation of the overall experiment C. the factor accounts for 90% of the variance in scores D. the factor accounts for 9% of the variance in scores

In a two-way ANOVA, the HSDs for the two main effects will A. always be the same B. never be the same C. be different if their F-obt values are different D. be different if their ks or ns are different

In an experiment on the effect of caffeine on time to complete a manual task, Paolo has three treatments-0 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg of caffeine. He randomly assigns an equal number of 39 participants to his 3 conditions. If he calculates ∑x²-tot = 95, (∑x-tot)= 50, and ∑[(sum of scores in the column)²/n of scores in the column]=70, what is his MS-bet? A. 5.90 B. 27.95 C. 30.90 D. 2.95

In any two-way ANOVA, if F∨(axb) is significant, which of the following is true? A. Fa also has to be significant B. Fb also has to be significant C. Both Fa and Fb also must be significant D. A significant interaction does not tell us anything about the significance of the main effects.

The denominator in all the F ratios in a two-way factorial ANOVA is A. the estimate of the interaction variance B. the estimate of the treatment variance for the main effect being tested C. never the same D. the estimate of the variability within any of the raw score populations represented by the samples

The term condition matches which of the following ANOVA terms? A. Treatment effect B. Factor C. Mean square D. Level

We perform ANOVA instead of multiple t-tests because with ANOVA the experimentwise error rate will A. be much less than α B. be much larger than α C. change with each new significance test D. be equal to α

Which of the following is not one of the assumptions we must satisfy when conducting a two-way, between-subjects ANOVA? A. Each cell is an independent sample of interval or ratio scores B. The populations represented are normally distributed C. The variances of all the represented populations are homogeneous D. The means of all the populations represented are equal

Which of the following is the Ha for ANOVA? A. Ha: µ₁≠µ₂≠µ₃...≠µk B. Ha: µ₁≠µ₃ C. Ha: µ₁≠µ₂ D. Ha: not all µs are equal

A complete factorial design occurs when A. all levels of one factor are combined with all levels of the other factor B. all levels of one factor are not combined with all levels of the other factor C. the researcher is finished collecting all the data from a two-factor study D. all statistical analyses, including post hoc comparisons and the calculation of η², are completed

A significant interaction effect indicates that A. the influence of one factor is not the same for each level of the other factor B. the influence of one factor is the same for each level of the other factor C. the relationship between one factor and the dependent variable differs from the relationship between the other factor and the dependent variable D. the dependent variable differs depending on the level of a factor

An experimenter studies the effect of type of music during practice on recall of word lists using rock background music for 20 subjects, classical music for 22 others, and country/western for another 25. How many levels are there in the experiment? A. 3 B. 67 C. 20 D. 1

An experimenter studies the effect of type of music during practice on recall of word lists using rock background music for 20 subjects, classical music for 22 others, and country/western for another 25. What kind of experimental design is this? A. One-way, between-subjects B. One-way, within-subjects C. Two-sample, between-subjects D. Two-sample, within-subjects

Corey is researching the effect of memory-enhancing, memory-impairing, and memory-neutral drugs on the ability of rats to run a maze. He randomly assigns 15 rats to each treatment. If he calculates (∑x tot)=40 and ∑[(sum of scores in the column)²/n of scores in the column]=45, what is his SS-bet? A. 9.44 B. 5 C. 37 D. 12.17

Statistics involving two or more dependent variables are called A. multivariate statistics B. inferential statistics C. univariate statistics D. descriptive statistics

For the following mean square from an ANOVA summary table, what are the correct F-obt values? (table of different factors and different F-obt options) A. a B. b C. c D. d

If ∑X=49, ∑X²=104, ∑[(sum of scores in the column)²/by n of scores in the column]=85 and ∑[(sum of scores in the row)²/by n of scores in the row]=90, and N=30, what is SSb? A. 4.97 B. 23.97 C. 9.97 D. 52.47

If ∑X₁=19, ∑X₂=24, ∑X₃=8, and ∑X₄=10 and n₁=5, n₂=6, n₃=8, and n₄=5, what is ∑[(sum of scores in the column)²/n of scores in the column]? A. 45.88 B. 155.04 C. 196.20 D. 4.86

If Fobt and the post hoc comparisons are significant, then the experimentwise probability of a Type 1 error is A. equal to α B. greater than α C. equal to α multiplied by the number of post hoc comparisons made D. equal to α divided by the number of post hoc comparisons made

If ∑X=49, ∑X²=104, ∑[(sum of scores in the column)²/by n of scores in the column]=85 and ∑[(sum of scores in the row)²/by n of scores in the row]=90, and N=30, what is SSa? A. 4.97 B. 23.97 C. 9.97 D. 52.47

In a two-way ANOVA, a cell represents A. one level of the A independent variable and one level of the B independent variable B. one level of the dependent variable C. one level of the A independent variable D. all the subjects in the experiment

In a two-way ANOVA, an F involving a comparison among the level means of a factor is referred to as a test for the significance of A. a main effect B. the interaction effect C. a factorial effect D. a level effect

In computing an ANOVA, which of the following is not one of the calculations? A. SS-tot/df-tot B. SS-bet/df-bet C. SS-wn/df-wn D. MS-bet/MS-wn

Research into the social behavior of senior citizens living in different settings has resulted in the following data. Within each residential setting type, 6 seniors were studied to see how many days each week they left their home? What is the F-obt? (there is a table about residences) A.10.38 B. 33.44 C. 1.61 D. 16.72

Sharon has conducted a study on the effectiveness of a drug for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Her drug levels are 0 mg, 100 mg, and 500 mg. She also has included a second factor of therapy versus no therapy. Sharon already has computed the total of the scores in each treatment. These are given below, along with the sum of the scores for every measurement in the study (∑X). Sharon had 10 participants in each treatment condition. What is her F∨(axb) (drug level)? A. 7.25 B. 34.64 C. 45.60 D. 87.01

The larger the value of η², A. the more consistent the effect of the factor on the differences in scores B. the less consistent the effect of the factor on the differences in scores C. the less important the effect of the factor in explaining the differences in scores D. the more variable the effects of the treatment on the scores

The post hoc comparison to use if the ns in all levels are equal is A. Tukey's HSD test B. Fisher's protected t-test C. the orthogonal t-test D. Turkey's LSD test

The primary reason for conducting a study with two factors is to A. observe the interaction between two factors B. observe the main effects simultaneusly C. conserve time and energy D. obtain more samples than can easily be obtained with one factor

To graph a main effect from a two-way ANOVA, the ____ is (are) plotted along the X-axis, the _____ is (are) plotted along the Y axis, and the _____ is (are) plotted in the graph. A. levels of a factor; dependent variable; main effect means B. dependent variable; levels of a factor; main effect means C. levels of a factor; dependent variable; cell means D. levels of one factor; levels of the other factor; dependent variable

When F-obt is significant, A. somewhere among the means at least two means differ significantly, but we do not know which specific means differ significantly B. somewhere among the means at least two means differ significantly, and we know which specific means differ significantly C. there may be significant differences between the level means, but all means are still likely to represent the same µ D. there are no significant differences between any of the level means, and all means are still likely to represent the same µ

When Tukey's HSD test is used, two means are significantly different if the absolute difference between them is A. greater than the HSD B. less than the HSD C. equal to the HSD D. zero

When an experiment design has two factors and both factors are tested using related samples, we should perform a A. two-way within-subjects ANOVA B. two-way between-subjects ANOVA C. two-way mixed-design ANOVA D. two-way dependent-factors ANOVA

Which of the following is not true of the analysis of variance? A. It has a higher rate of Type I error than the two-sample t-tests B. It determines whether significance differences exist in an experiment C. It is used for experiments with two or more sample means D. It is a parametric procedure

In a two-way analysis of variance where Factor A has 3 levels and Factor B has 4 levels, what are the appropriate df if 240 participants are evenly distributed among the treatments? (table of factors and different df options) A. a B. b C. c D. d

An educational psychologist is interested in determining whether attitudes toward school change with age. She randomly selects 30 seventh-graders, 30 ninth-graders, and 30 eleventh-graders and administers a "Do you like school?" test. In terms of ANOVA symbols, what is the value of N in the experiment? A. 3 B. 90 C. 30 D. 1

An interaction effect that is not significant indicates that A. the influence of one factor is not the same for each level of the other factor B. the influence of one factor is the same for each level of the other factor C. the relationship between one factor and the dependent variable differs from the relationship between the other factor and the dependent variable D. the dependent variable differs depending on the level of a factor

Complete the following ANOVA summary table. Between groups: SS=71 df=3 Within groups: SS=98 df=21 Total: SS=169 df=24 A. MS-bet = 4.667, MS-wn = 7.042, F-obt = 1.51 B. MS-bet = 23.667, MS-wn = 4.4667, F-obt = 5.07 C. MS-bet = 23.667, MS-wn = 4.4667, F-obt = 3.36 D. There is insufficient information given to complete this table

If ∑X=49, ∑X²=104, and N=30, what is SS∨(tot)? A. 4.97 B. 23.97 C. 52.47 D. 311.53

If ∑X=49, ∑X²=104, ∑[(sum of scores in the column)²/by n of scores in the column]=85 and ∑[(sum of scores in the row)²/by n of scores in the row]=90, SS∨(bet)=17.55, and N=30, what is SSwn? A. 9.97 B. 6.42 C. 4.97 D. 2.61

In ANOVA, an independent variable that is studied using independent samples in all conditions is called a A. within-subjects factor B. between-subjects factor C. level D. treatment

In a two-way ANOVA, an F involving a comparison among the means of the cells is referred to as a test for the significance of A. a main effect B. the interaction effect C. a factorial effect D. a level effect

In a two-way ANOVA, the hypotheses for a Factor B that has four levels are A. H₀: μB₁=μB₂; Ha: not all μs are equal B. H₀: μB₁=μB₂=μB₃=μB₄; Ha: not all μs are equal C. H₀: μB₁=μB₂=μB₃=μB₄; Ha: μB₁≠μB₂≠μB₃≠μB₄ D. H₀: μB₁-μB₂=0; Ha: μB₁-μB₂≠0

Jessica is conducting a research study as part of her company's risk management program. She has collected data on the number of accidents reported during the past year in each of the company's 3 work shifts. Because reports were not available for each shift every day, n1 = 360, n2=358, and n3=352. She has calculated that sum of x squared tot = 63, sum of x tot =51, and sum of scores in the column n squared divided by n of scores in the column = 4.35. What is F-obt? A. 0.06 B. 17.45 C. 1.92 D. 58.65

Post hoc comparisons are used in one-way ANOVA to compare all the possible A. variances to each other B. pairs of sample means from different levels of a factor to determine which are significantly different from each other C. pairs of sample variances from different levels of a factor to determine which are significantly different from each other D. pairs of means from different factors to determine whether they are significantly different from each other

Sarah Ann designed, conducted, analyzed, wrote, and published an experiment. In the 2 by 4 ANOVA, the F value for Art Medium was Fa=8.8, indicating a significant difference in the Time it took to produce works of art using different media. The F value for Size of the art work was Fb=1.2, indicating a nonsignificant finding. The interaction was nonsignificant. What was the dependent variable A. Art Medium B. Time C. Size D. Quality

The post hoc comparison to use if the ns in all levels are not equal is A. Tukey's HSD test B. Fisher's protected t-test C. the orthogonal t-test D. Turkey's LSD test

Treatment variance is defined as A. the differences of scores from the mean of their condition B. the differences between the populations produced by a factor C. the inherent variability in the scores, to a certain events D. sampling error

When H0 is false, MS-bet is composed of _____, and MS-wn is composed of ______ A. error variance; treatment variance+error variance B. treatment variance + error variance; error variance C. treatment variance; error variance D. error variance; treatment variance

When H0 is true, Fobt should be A. =0.0 B. =1.0 C. ≤0.0 D. >1.0

Which of the following would not result in an increase in the power of ANOVA? A. Increasing the differences between the conditions of the independent variable B. Increasing the variability of the scores within each condition C. Increasing the n of small samples D. Reducing the variability of the scores within each condition

A study investigated the influence of age and time pressure on creativity. Summary statistics are presented below. There was a significant main effect of time pressure. With MS-wn=2.89, compute the HSD for the difference between 30 seconds and 2 minutes. Use α=0.05. (Graph about time pressure and age) A. 0.37 B. 0.72 C. 1.04 D. 1.76

F-obt cannot ever be negative because A. only absolute differences are used in its completion B. a ratio can never be negative C. the mean squares are variances, which cannot be negative numbers D. the larger variance estimate is always placed in the numerator

For Factor A, you have timed the rate at which participants can solve puzzles under three conditions of noise; high, medium, and low. In addition, For factor B the participants have received either no caffeine or a high level of caffeine (equivalent to 4 cups of coffee). What kind of design do you have? A. A 2x3 between-subjects, factorial design B. A 3x3 between-subjects, factorial design C. A 3x2 between-subjects, factorial design D. A 3x3 between-subjects, incomplete factorial design

For the following two-way ANOVA summary table, what are the appropriate MS values? (table of different factors and different MS options) A. a B. b C. c D. d

If η² is 0.35, then A. the proportion of variance in the population accounted for by the relationship we've discovered is 35% B. we are 35% more accurate at predicting subjects' scores when we use the grand mean to predict scores rather than using the mean from the condition they are in C. we are 35% more accurate at predicting subjects' scores when we predict the mean score from the condition they are in rather than using the grand mean D. we are 35% less accurate at predicting subjects' scores when we predict the mean score from the condition they are in rather than using the grand mean

In ANOVA, the mean square within groups indicates A. the differences in scores that occur between the levels in a factor B. how much the differences between the means will be the same size as the differences between individual scores C. the inherent variability within any population represented by the conditions D. how much the means in a factor differ from each other

In a two-way ANOVA, the interaction effect is the A. effect of changing the levels of a factor on the dependent scores B. effect of changing the levels of a factor on the dependent scores; ignoring all other factors in the study C. extent to which the effect of one factor depends on the action of the other factor D. effect on the independent variables of changing the levels of a factor

In a two-way ANOVA, the main effect of a factor is the A. extent to which its effect depends on the action of the other factor B. extent to which the factor produces dependent variable scores different from those the other factor produced C. effect of changing the levels of the factor on the dependent variable scores, ignoring all other factors in the study D. effect of changing the levels of the factor on the dependent variable scores, taking into account all other factors in the study

In an experiment on the effect of caffeine on time to complete a manual task, Paolo has three treatments-0 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg of caffeine. He randomly assigns an equal number of 39 participants to his 3 conditions. If he calculates sum of x squared tot = 95, (sum od x tot)=50 and sum of scores in the column n squared divided by n of scores in the column = 70, what is his SStot? A. 5.90 B. 27.95 C. 30.90 D. 2.95

Sum of squares is defined as the sum of A. every number squared B. every mean squared C. the squared deviations of scores from the mean D. the squared deviations of scores from the mean, divided by the degrees of freedom

The estimated variability (both within groups and between groups) corresponds with which of the following ANOVA terms? A. Treatment effect B. Factor C. Mean square D. Sum of squares

The experimentwise error rate is defined as the probability of making a type I error when A. comparing two means in an experiment where there are more than two means B. computing confidence intervals for level means C. comparing all pairs of means in an experiment D. comparing the means of two or more factors in an experiment

Using the following ANOVA summary table, compute η². Between groups: SS=1,059 df=18 MS=58.833 F=2.65 Within groups: SS=3,702 df=167 MS=22.168 Total: SS=4,761 df=145 A. 0.29 B. 0.78 C. 0.22 D. 1.79

Which of the following is one of the assumptions we make when we do a one-way, between-subjects ANOVA? A. Each sample represents a normally distributed population of nominal or ordinal scores B. The populations represented have significantly different variances C. All conditions of the single independent variable contain independent samples D. The means of the populations represented are homogeneous

Which of the following is the desired outcome of an ANOVA? A. All of the group variances are significantly different B. All of the group variances are approximately equal C. All of the group means are significantly different D. All of the group means are approximately equal

Analysis of variance is the most common inferential statistical procedure used to analyze experiments because A. it is the only statistical procedure that can test either between-subjects factors or within-subjects factors B. there are several different versions of it, and so it can test for possible treatment effects more accurately than the two-sample tests C. most researchers are more interested in whether there are differences in the means D. there are several different versions of it, and so it can be used with many different experimental designs

For Joan's doctoral dissertation experiment, 15 wheelchair users were randomly assigned to three groups with 5 in each group. These participants navigated in virtual-reality settings. Group 1 participants were in the virtual-reality setting (a building) as wheelchair users. Group 2 participants were in the virtual-reality setting in a wheelchair pushed by a walking person. Group 3 participants walked without aid in the virtual-reality setting. Joan measured the time each participant needed to complete the navigation of the virtual-reality setting. What are the dependent and independent variables? A. Independent=wheelchair use; dependent=virtual-reality condition B. Independent=wheelchair use; dependent=time needed C. Independent=time needed; dependent=virtual-reality condition D. Independent=virtual-reality condition; dependent=time needed

For which of the three F-tests in a two-way ANOVA do you collapse across the levels of the other factor(s) in computing the means? A. The A main effect B. The B main effect C. The interaction effect D. Both the A main effect and the B main effect

How many participants would be required for a completely randomized 4×5 between-subjects design with three observations per cell? A. 18 B. 20 C. 27 D. 60

If df-bet= 3, df-wn= 40, MS-bet= 82, and MS-wn= 54, where there is an equal number of participants in each treatment, what is HSD? A. 3.79 B. 7.62 C. 8.40 D. 4.91

If you are interested in how well students perform on a standardized math achievement test after they have completed a six-week math unit in either a computer-assisted class, a videotaped course, or a regular classroom, and you also want to include a factor for sex (boys vs. girls), what is the dependent variable? A. The type of math instruction B. The subjects' sex C. The six-week unit D. The scores on the math achievement test

If you are interested in how well students perform on a standardized math achievement test after they have completed a six-week math unit in either a computer-assisted class, a videotaped course, or a regular classroom, what kind of design do you have? A. A 3x3 between-subjects, factorial design B. A 2x2 between-subjects, factorial design C. A 3x3 between-subjects, incomplete factorial design D. A one-way design

If ∑X=49, ∑X²=104, ∑[(sum of scores in the column)²/by n of scores in the column]=85 and ∑[(sum of scores in the row)²/by n of scores in the row]=90, SS-bet=17.55, and N=30, what is SS∨(axb)? A. 9.97 B. 6.42 C. 4.97 D. 2.61

In ANOVA, the mean square between groups indicates A. the inherent variability within any population represented by the conditions B. how much the differences between the means will be the same size as the differences between individual scores C. the inherent variability between scores that arises from individual differences D. the differences in scores that occur between the levels of a factor

In a 2x2 design with 40 participants equally distributed across the conditions, what are ka and na₁? A. ka=1, na₁=10 B. ka=1, na₁=40 C. ka=2, na₁=10 D. ka=2, na₁=20

In an analysis of variance, we assume that the variability of scores within a condition remains the same A. regardless of whether there is inherent inconsistently in any particular condition B. only when H₀ is false C. only when H₀ is true D. regardless of whether H₀ is true or false

In terms of hypotheses, one of the major differences between the t-test and ANOVA is that A. Ha is never defined with the t-test B. H₀ is never defined with ANOVA C. ANOVA always involves one-tailed hypotheses D. ANOVA never involves one-tailed hypotheses

Suppose you perform an ANOVA on 18 subjects divided evenly into three groups according to age. Reading speed is measured and averaged for each of the three groups. The reading speed for the Young Group is 10; for the Middle Group, 12; and for the Older Group, 13. Your Fobt is 9.15. This is a significant Fobt. Which of the following is the correct way to report this finding? A. The Older Group reads significantly faster than any other group B. The Young Group reads significantly faster than any other group C. There is a significant difference between the Older Group and the Middle Group D. There is a significant difference among the reading speeds somewhere

When F-obt is not significant, A. somewhere among the means at least two means differ significantly, but we do not know which specific means differ significantly B. somewhere among the means at least two means differ significantly, and we know which specific means differ significantly C. there may be significant differences between the level means, but all means are still likely to represent the same µ D. there are no significant differences between any of the level means, and all means are likely to represent the same μ

Chapter 13-14 Research Methods

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