chapter 13 - 17
Sebum
A greasy substance secreted by the sebaceous gland of the nose, covers the nose hairs, helps trap particles
COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
A group of diseases in which patients have difficulty getting all the air 0ut of their lungs
Clone
A group of identical lymphocytes that react against self-antigens
Antigen
A large molecule that stimulate an adaptive immune system response
12. What term decriibes a bone marking that is away from the midline of the body? A. lateral B. superior C. medial D. proximal
A lateral
Inflammatory Response
A line of defense triggered by penetration of the skin or mucous membranes, in which small blood vessels in the vicinity of an injury dilate and become leakier, enhancing the inflitration of white blood cells; may also be widespread in the body
Pneumonia
A lung infection caused by viruses, fungi, protists, or bacteria where inflammation occurs and fluid accumulates
Classical Pathway (innate immunity)
A means of activating complements. Depends on the binding of antibodies to invading organisms and complement fixation (binding of C1 to the antigen-antibody complexes)
Alternative Pathway (innate immunity)
A means of activating complements. Triggered by interaction among factors B, D, and P, and polysaccharide molecules present on microorganisims
Cisterna chyli
A pouch-like structure located in the thoracic duct serves as a temporary holding area for lymph. It also receives fatty chyle from the intestines and thus acts as a conduit for the lipid products of digestion
Bronchi/Bronchioles
A series of branching tubes that transport the atmospheric gas deep within our lungs to the alveoli
Pseudostratified epithelium
A single layer of tall, columnlike cells w nuclei at diff heights, gives false appearance of two layers
Larynx
A triangular chamber commonly known as the voice box, composed of cartilage that provide movement for vocal cords
Cytotoxic T Cell
A type of lymphocyte that attacks body cells infected with pathogens. Destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells, and are also implicated in transplant rejection
Microglia
A type of macrophage found in the CNS
Kupffer cell
A type of macrophage found in the liver
Dust cell
A type of macrophage found in the lungs
26.) Which "Founding Father" of the U.S. promoted swimming as exercise, and was an early advocate of regular exercise?
A. Ben Franklin
2.) Which of the following terms represents a muscle cell?
A. Muscle fiber
18.) Which athletes performance is related to absolute macimal strength?
A. Shot put
4.) Which muscle fiber type would be primarily activated during endurance exercise?
A. Type 1 (slow oxidative)
9. What term is describes collge graduates who are able to get a job, but not in their field of study or usiing their degree?
A. Underemployed
15.) What causes the burning pain felt during acute muscle soreness?
A. accumulation of lactic acid in muscle
37.) Which structures are the locations of gas exchange in the lungs?
A. alveoli
25.) Which bone in the foot forms the ankle joint with the fibula and tibia?
A. calcaneus
20. which of the following are bones of the wrist?
A. carpals
HIV can be transmitted
A. during birth B. via sexual contact C. in infected blood ----- all the above
11.) Which general type of muscle contraction includes observable movement?
A. dynamic
14.) What type of muscle contraction is associated with the development of DOMS?
A. eccentric
19. Which of the following articulates with the femur to form the hip joint
A. greater trochanter
14.) Which plane divides the human body into uper and lower halves?
A. horizontal (transverse)
18. which of the following is not considred par of the axial skeleton
A. humerus
26.) Which type of connective tissue is the medial and lateral meniscus of the knee?
A. ligament
28. ) What action is obsered during a concentric muscle contraction
A. muscle length increases
41. What is the result of training at or just below the elastic limit of a tissue?
A. positive training effect
40.) What is the normal adaptation for heart rate following endurance training?
A. resting HR decreases
3.) What is the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle?
A. sacromere
30.) What does oxygen consumption indicate?
A. the quantity of aerobic metabolism occurring in the body
31.) Which important legislation resulted in increased opportunities for females in sports and education
A. title IX (1972)
43.) What is the recommended mechanism to prevent contusions during sport participation?
A. warm up
opportunistic infections
AIDS patients are subject to a number of opportunistic infections, infects that a healthy immune system can easily fight off but take hold because of the lowered immune response. many of these infections are present in other body systems
Chemotaxis
Ability of white blood cells to move to tissues that release certain chemicals
Glycosuria
Abnormal exception of carbohydrates in urine.
Vaccination produces what type of immunity?
Acquired
IgM
Activates compliment and acts as an antigen bidning receptor on the surface of B cell; responsible for ABO transfusion reactions. Usually the first to appear when an antigen is present
Alveolar epithelium
Actual tissue layer, comprised of types I and II pneumocytes
Sinuses
Air-filled cavities that connect with the nasal cavity via small passageways, develop as you grow
Respiratory volumes and capacities: Tidal Volume
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during an ordinary breath
Respiratory volumes and capacities: Residual volume
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation
Respiratory volumes and capacities: Expiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be exhaled in addition to a normal breath
Respiratory volumes and capacities: Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to a normal breath
Respiratory volumes and capacities: Vital capacity
Amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled in a single breath
Sigmoid Colon
An S-shaped body that goes across the pelvis to the middle of the scrum, where it connects to the rectum.
Appendix
An accessory part of the body that has no central function in the digestive system.
Antibody-mediated immunity
An antigen stimulates the body to produce special proteins, called antibodies, which can lead to the destruction of a particular antigen through an antigen-antibody reaction.
Amylase
An enzyme that begins the digestion of carbohydrates.
Cholangiogram
An x-ray image of the bile vessels
Passive Natural Immunity
Antibodies from the mother are transferred to her child across the placenta or in milk
Passive Artificial Immunity
Antibodies produced by another person or an animal are injected
active artificial immunity
Antigens are deliberately introduced in a vaccine
Active Natural Immunity
Antigens are introduced through natural exposure
Proct(o)
Anus and Rectum
Enteropathy
Any intestinal disease
Main muscle, diaphragm, & accessory muscles
Are the muscles of breathing
Lingula
Area of left lung that corresponds w right middle lobe
Hilum
Area where the root of each lung is attached
tubular reabsorption
As filtrate passes through the nephron, ions and water are returned to the peritubular capillaries; the second step in urine formation; approximately 80% of the filtered water is returned to the blood.
31. What is considered the primary pacemakeer of the heart
B. AV node
27. Which U.S. city can be identified as the center and leader in education, sport, and physical education in the 1800's?
B. Boston
8.) Which of the following is a nontrainable factor in muscles adaptation to resistance training exercises?
B. Changed muscle fiber composition
38.)What is the normal response of diastolic blood pressure to graded exercise?
B. DBP decreases
22.) what physical activity has been historically observed as a part of religious rituals and festivals?
B. Dance
23.) which civilization was the first to record the results of athletic competitions
B. Greese
28. What activity was popular in European physical education programs, and become the basis of PE in the US in the 1800's?
B. Gymnastics tumbling
24.) Which energy system provides immediate energy for very high intensity exercise?
B. Phosphagen System
Test 3 1.) Which muscle cells are striated?
B. Skeletal
22.) What energy system can be described as utilizing oxygen for metabolism?
B. aerobic
6.) Which of the following is not considered a health related component of physical fitness? a. flexibility b. agility c. body composition d. muscle strength e. cardiorespiratory endurance
B. agility
29.) What term is used to describe a muscle that opposes a primary mover?
B. antagonist
27.) Which of the following describes beta oxidation?
B. breakdown of free fatty acids into acetyl CoA
17. Which bone classification includes the scapula
B. flat bone
33.) Which of the following proteins transports oxygen in red blood cells?
B. hemoglobin
27. What term is used to identify the distal attachment of a muscle?
B. insertion
53.) Which injury is also known as tennis elbow?
B. tendonitis
16. what is the benefit from using the term kinesiology to represent our profession
B. the term is broad and encompasses many subjects and careers that are related to physical activity
31.) which of the folliwng is not one of the rotator cuff muscles
B. trapezius
Reflux
Backflow
urine
Because ___________ is the by-product of filtered blood, any unusual compounds or incorrect levels of normal blood constituents will appear in the urine
Upper airway
Begins at the nose, is responsible for initially conditioning the inhaled air
IgE
Binds to most cells and basophils and stimulates the inflammatory response
Cyst(o)
Bladder
7.35 to 7.45
Blood PH must be held within a narrow range from...
bicarbonate buffer system
Body pH must be held within a narrow range; this is done primarily through the ____________________________ of the respiratory system, with help from the urinary system; pH stability is achieved through chemical equilibrium
Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
2.) How is the catalog year determined for undergraduate degree requirements at UTSA A Year the student graduate from high school B. Yeaer the student started college C. year the student first attended UTSA D. year the student chooses a major
C
test 1. 1.) how many semester credit hours are required for a B.S. degree in KIN at UTSA? A. 80 credit hours B. 100 credit hours C. 120 credit hours D 140 credit hours
C. 120 credit hours
23.) What enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of ATP into ADP and Pi?
C. ATPasee
7. Which subject is considered essential and forms the basis for all KIN majors?
C. Anatomy
21.) which greek city-state promoted concepts (mind, body, spirit) that were the basis of our current view of wellness?
C. Athens
5. what does the word root "kines" mean?
C. Movement
20. Which ancient historical civilization was the first to promote large spectator sporting events?
C. Rome
4. Which KIN degree concentration contains the greatest number of science courses
C. athletic medicine
23. Which type of synovial joint provides the greatest range of motion?
C. ball and socket joint
32.) Which mmuscle is a Primary mover for shoulder abduction
C. deltoids
15.) which term describes the movement of the knee joint during a kicking motion?
C. extension
16. which term describes the mmovement of the knee joint as one sits into a seat?
C. flexion
24.) What was the role of physical activity for females in sparta?
C. give birth to healthy children
28.) What energy system provides the majority of ATP for an inside the park home run in baseball/softball (24sec)?
C. glycolytic system
12.) What type of muscle contraction includes box jumps to improve muscle power?
C. plyometric
38.) Which abdominal muscle is the primary mover for trunk flexion?
C. rectus abdominis
13.) What is the primary location for isokinetic muscle training?
C. rehabilitation facilities
Bonus quesiton 62.) What is the funtion of a synergist
C. serve as an assistor
26.) What type of exercise training increases both ATP and PC stores in muscle?
C. sprint training
10.) What hormone is associated with stimulating muscle hypertrophy?
C. testosterone
Emphysema & chronic bronchitis
COPD refers to one or a combination of these
Body's oxygen reserve
Can only survive 4-6 minutes
CO2
Carbon dioxide, the gaseous waste produced when the cells use oxygen
Lower respiratory system: Larynx Description
Cartilaginous boxlike structure between the pharynx and trachea that contains the vocal cords and the glottis
incontinence
Causes include chronic urinary tract infections, side effects of medication, muscular weakness, an enlarged prostate gland in males, constipation, or neuromuscular disease
Upper respiratory system: Nasal cavity description
Cavity within the nose, divided into right and left halves by nasal septum. has 3 shell-like bones
T cells
Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body. Involved with cell-mediated immunity
B cells
Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses. (protection against antigens like bacteria, toxins, and viruses outside of cell) Responsible for antibody-mediated immunity
Plasma Cells
Cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies.
Upper respiratory system: Pharynx (throat) description
Chamber connecting nasal cavities to esophagus and larynx
Vibrissae
Coarse nasal hairs, the first line of defense for the respiratory system
Colon(o)
Colon
Lower respiratory system: Bronchi (Primary) Function
Conduct air from trachea to each lung
Lower respiratory system: Bronchioles Function
Conduct air to alveoli; adjust air flow in lungs
Upper & lower airways
Conduct gas into and out of the system
Oropharynx function
Conducts air & food & liquid (from nose and mouth when swallowed)
Frenulum
Connects the lounge to the floor of the mouth by a mucous membrane.
Ileum
Connects the small intestine to the large intestine.
Lymphatic System
Consists of lymphatic organs and vessels. FUNCTIONS: (3) Absorption of lipids Fluid recovery from tissues Immunity
Mediastinum
Contains esophagus, heart, superior and inferior vena cava and aorta, and trachea
Sol layer
Contains thin & watery fluid that that allows cilia to beat freely
Medulla oblongata
Control center in brain, tells us when to breathe
Sphincter
Controls the emptying of the stomach's contents into the small intestine.
Elimination
Conversion of any residual material from a liquor to a solid and removal of that material from the alimentary canal via dedication.
Enzymes
Convert complex proteins into amino acid compounds that can be absorbed by the body.
Lower respiratory system: Epiglottis Function
Covers the glottis during swallowing
Epiglottis
Covers the trachea until the food is moved into the esophagus
type of colitis
Crohn's
Cell-mediated immunity
Cytotoxic T cells are stimulated to divide, producing more cytototoxic T cells and memory T cells. Cytotoxic T cells lyse virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and tissue transplants
10. What is the first step in career planning as described by Mr. Zucker A. Career Exploration B. Career engagement C. job search D. Self-Assesment
D
14. When does walking become exercise? A. when it is organized B. when it is structured C. when it is planned D. all of the above E. a and b are correct
D
19.) Which of the following is a measure of muscle endurance?
D. 15rm
21.) What high energy compound is the only source of energy muscles will use for exercise?
D. ATP
52.) Which term describes movement away from the midline of the body
D. Abduction
17. which subspecialty or sphere of study uses the application of physics to human movement
D. Biomechanics
55.) Which of the following is the most commonly injured muscle as a result from tension force during sprinting
D. Hamstrings
22.) What type of joint is the humeral-ulnar elbow? (*** lookup***)
D. Hinge joint
21.) what is the dense white connective tissue located on the ends of articulating bones in a synovial joint?
D. Hyaline cartilage
8. what is the traditional view of career planning presented to students by parents A. go to college B. complete a degree C. Get a job D. all the above E. none of the above
D. all the above
3. Which KIN degree concentration is most appropriate for students who wish to work in cardiac rehabilitaion? A. sports management B. Physical education C. atheletic medicine D. exercise science
D. exercise science
25.) Which source of fuel has the greatest net yield of ATP in the aerobic pathway
D. fat
25. Whcih of the following sports can trace its roots back to pre-colonial Native americans
D. field hockey
33.) What movement is observed during an eccentric contraction of the biceps brachii
D. flexion
51.) What type of injury results from excessive training?
D. overuse injuries
18. whcih branch of psychology focuses on human performance
D. sport psychology
Appendix and Peyer's Patches
Destroy bacteria to prevent intestinal wall breaching, generate memory lymphocytes
Alimentary canal
Digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract
MHC class II
Display antigens on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, resulting in the activation of immune cells
MHC class I
Display antigens on the surface of nucleated cells, resulting in the destruction of the cells
Thymus
Does not directly fight antigens unlike other lymphoid organs
Innate immunity
Does not show specificity or memory. Responds quickly and consists of mechanical mechanisms, chemical mediators, cells, inflammatory response
Uvula
Downward dangling projection at the back of the soft palate.
33. Which physician founded the "Aerobic" fitness movement in the US based on his work at lackland AFB in San Antonio?
Dr. cooper
Right Lymphatic Duct
Drains the right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax
Duoden(o)
Duodenum
13. What is the value of performing the My Plan assignnment at this stage of ones educational training? A. Perform a self-assessment B. identify the perfect career C. Begin career exploration D. all of the above E. A and C are correct
E
12. where does a student obtain experience in their field of study or profession? A. internships B. volunteer C. Networking D. student orgainization E. all the above
E. all of the above
6. What grades are teachers certified to teach with a degree in physical education A. Pre-K B. elementary (K-5) Middle school (6-8) D. High school (9-12) E. all of the above
E. all of the above
29.) What role did physicians play in the fiield of kinesiology in the 1800's?
E. none of the above
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
ELISA tests blood for the antibodies to the HIV virus (as well as antibodies of to other specific viruses, such as hepatitis B)
Jejunum
Eight foot long section of the small intestine in which digestion process continues.
Palatine tonsils
Either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity
what does ESRD stand for
End stage renal disease
Pepsin
Enzyme in the gastric juice begins protein digestion.
Respiratory mucosa
Epithelial layer, plays important role in keeping respiratory system clean and free of debris
Esophag(o)
Esophagus
180
Every day, approximately _______ liters of fluid are filtered from the blood, but only a small fraction of that is excreted
Esophagoscopy
Examination of the interior of the esophagus
Sialism
Excessive secretion
Adaptive immunity
Exhibits specificity and memory, recognizes specific foreign substances, acts to immobilize/destroy them, amplifies inflammatory response
Chyle
Fatty lymph
Large Intestine
Final processing of food occurs here.
Lower respiratory system: Epiglottis Description
Flap of tissue reinforced with cartilage
Gums
Fleshy sockets that hold the teeth
Lymphatic System Functions
Fluid Balance, Fat Absorption, Defense
Saliva
Fluid containing enzymes that aid breaking down food.
Glucogenesis
Formation of glucose.
Lingual tonsils
Found at back of tongue
reflux disease
GERD
contents of the alimentary canal
GI tract & accessory organs
Chole
Gall
Cholecyct(o)
Gallbladder
Cholecystectomy
Gallbladder removal
Alveolar capillary membrane
Gas exchange unit of the lung
Squamous pneumocytes, Type I
Gas molecules can easily pass through in gas exchange process
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, & Argon
Gases in the atmosphere
Steatorrhea
Greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces
Biliverdin
Green bile pigment
Gingiv(o)
Gums
Cilia
Hairlike projections that can beat at a fantastic rate (think of row boat oars), reside in sol layer
Here is the temporary and reversible reaction of Hemoglobin and Oxygen
Hb + O2 <--> HbO2 Hb = deoxyhemoglobin HbO2 = oxyhemoglobin
Accessory muscles
Help pull up rib cage to make a larger space in the thoracic cavity
Inert gas
Helps keep the lungs open with its constant volume but does not combine or interact with anything else in the body.
medical term for liver enlargement
Hepatomegaly
cytomegalovirus
Herpesviridae. can infect various cells or organs (like the eyes); causes swelling
Granular pneumocytes, Type II
Highly metabolic, produce surfactant, aid in cellular repair
Thoracic cage
Houses, protects, and facilitates function of the system, consists of 12 ribs
Right lung
If an object is aspirated into the airways, it most likely goes to this lung
Ile(o)
Ileum
Active Immunity
Immunity is provided through the individual's own immune system
Passive Immunity
Immunity is transferred from another person or an animal
Pseudostratified ciliates columnar cells
In the epithelial layer, not only in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity but also throughout most airways
Cartilidge found in trachea
In the form of C-shaped structures, in anterior portion of trachea, provides protection for exposed airway in neck
Larynx location
In the neck, inferior to the pharynx
Choledochotomy
Incision into the common bile duct.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
Individually unique molecules on most body cells that help T cells recognise foreign invaders. Has several different classes.
Cricoid cartilage
Inferior to the thyroid cartilage, forming the inferior border of of the larynx
Adenoids
Inflamed pharyngeal tonsils
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix
Duodenitis
Inflammation of the duodenum
Ileitis
Inflammation of the ileum.
Stomatitis
Inflammation of the lining of the mouth
Cheilitis
Inflammation of the lips.
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum
Sialadenitis
Inflammation of the salivary glands
Pharyngotonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils and pharynx
Visceral pleura
Inner layer of the pleura covering the lungs
Lymph
Interstitial fluid once it has entered lymphatic vessels
Enter(o)
Intestine
Peyer's Patches
Isolated clusters of lymphoid tissue found in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine, similar structures are in the appendix
Jejun(o)
Jejunum
Macrophage
Large phagocytic cells which engulf and destroy bacteria, dead tissue, and foreign matter and remove them from the blood passing through the spleen.
Liver
Largest abdominal organ
Trachea
Largest bronchus, "wind pipe", extends from cricoid cartelidge to 6th thoracic vertebrae (gen 0)
Epiglottis
Leaf shaped, flap like structure located above the opening of the larynx, covers larynx during swallowing
Lingual tonsils
Lie at the base of the tongue
Mucous membranes
Line the respiratory region of the nasal cavity, are richly supplied with blood
Parietal pleura
Lines the thoracic cavity and upper side of diaphragm
Cheil(o)
Lips
Surfactant layer
Liquid layer that lines the alveoli, helps lower surface tension
Hepat(o)
Liver
Paranasal sinuses
Located around the nose, lined with a respiratory mucosa layer that drain secretions into nasal cavity
Olfactory region
Located at the roof of the nasal cavity, keeps bad gasses from getting into your lungs
Vestibular region
Located inside the nostrils and contains the nose hairs, helps filter out large particles
Carbon dioxide concentration
Lower when inhaled, higher when exhaled
Laryngopharynx
Lowermost portion of the pharynx, air & anything swallowed passes through
Asthma
Lung condition in which the body reacts to an allergy by causing constriction of the airways of the lungs (known as bronchospasm)
Adenoids
Lymphatic tissue of the immune system
Natural Killer Cells
Lyse tumor cells and virus-infected cells. Critical to innate immune system
IgG
Main Antibody type in Circulation
Diaphragm
Main breathing muscle, contracts and flattens during breathing
Primary bronchi
Mainstem bronchi
Mesentery
Membranous tissue that attaches both the small and large intestine to the muscle wall at the dorsal part of the abdomen.
Lower respiratory system: Alveoli Function
Microscopic chambers that provide immense, internal surface area for gas exchange
Lower respiratory system: Alveoli Description
Microscopic sacs within lungs, bordered by extensive capillary network
Body
Middle portion of the stomach
IgG
Most prevalent antibody. Activates compliment and promotes phagocytosis
Stomat(o)
Mouth
Uvola and soft plalate
Move in a posterior and superior position to keep food or liquid from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing
Peristalsis
Movement of digestion - how food moves through the body.
Tongue
Moves food during chewing
Lower respiratory system: Bronchioles Description
Narrow passageways leading from bronchi to alveoli
The health care provider tells the medical assistant to schedule the patient for the removal of a kidney. The medical assistant notifies surgery that the patient needs a:
Nephrectomy
Which of the following statements about the urinary system are not true?
Nephrology is the study of the urinary system.
N2
Nitrogen, the predominant gas as well as an inert gas
Small Intestine
Nutrients are broken down for absorption here.
Gel layer
On top of sol layer, is more gelatinous in nature, traps small particles (think of flypaper)
urine
Once the filtrate has passed through the nephron and collecting ducts and reaches the renal pelvis
O2
Oxygen, allows for cellular respiration
Dysuria is:
Painful urination
Vocal chords
Paired membranes located inside larynx, where the upper airway ends
Pancreat(o)
Pancreas
Constant Region
Part of the antibody that activates the compliment or binds to cells
Variable Region
Part of the antibody that combines with the antigen
Pancreas
Part of the endocrine system; Produces "juice"
Eustachian/Auditory tubes
Passageways to the middle ear
Absorption
Passing of digested nutrients into the bloodstream.
Choleic
Pertaining to bile
Pharyngeal
Pertaining to the pharynx.
Linguodental
Pertaining to the tongue and teeth.
Buccogingival
Pertains to the cheeks and gums
Orofacial
Pertains to the mouth and face.
Perforins
Pore-forming Proteins that target cancer and virus cells. Released by cytotoxic t cells
Oropharynx location
Posterior to oral cavity, lined with stratified squamous epithelium
Pharyngeal tonsils
Posterior wall of the nasopharynx
Cecum
Pouch attached to the bottom of the ileum of the small intestine.
Emulsification
Process of breaking down fats
Digestion
Process of breaking down foods into nutrient that can be absorbed by cells.
Phonation
Producing sounds
Cartilages function in neck functions
Provide structure and support for airways so they do not collapse and block air flow
Olfaction
Providing for the sense of smell
CD8 receptor
Receptor that binds to MHC I complexes and is typically found on cytotoxic t cells
CD4 receptor
Receptor that binds to MHC II complexes and is typically found on helper t cells
Rect(o)
Rectum
White pulp
Region of the spleen that contains mostly lymphocytes suspended on reticular fibers. Involved in immune functions
Functions of upper airway
Regulates gas temp entering body, filters particles, humidifies, provides sense of smell, produces sounds, ventilates gas
Rectoabdominal
Relates to the rectum and abdomen.
Glossopharyngeal
Relates to the tongue and pharynx.
Basophils
Release chemicals that promote inflamation
Eosinophils
Release enzymes that reduce inflammation
Red pulp
Remaining splenic tissue concerned with disposing of worn out RBC and bloodborne pathogens
Colectomy
Removal of all or part of the colon
Cholecystectomy
Removal of all or part of the colon.
Saliv(o)
Salivary Glands
Oliguria is:
Scanty urine
Bilirubin
Secreted by the liver, that is a bile pigment combined with bile and excreted into the duodenum.
Thymosin and Thymopoietin
Secreted by the thymus to 'mature' T lymphocytes
IgA
Secreted into saliva, tears and mucus to provide protection
Chyme
Semifluid mass of mixed food with gastric juices.
Lips
Sense the food that is about to enter the mouth.
Interstitial space
Separates the basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium from that of the capillary endothelium, contains interstitial fluid
Sigmoid(o)
Sigmoid Colon
Interferons
Signaling proteins that leave the infected cell and enter neighboring cells. Stimulates the neighboring cells to produce proteins to prevent the replication of viruses. Activate macrophages and natural killer cells
Tonsils
Simplest lymphoid organs, form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx
Carina
Site of bifurcation in to the right and left lung
Pleural fluid
Slippery liquid, greatly reduces friction during breathing
Pores of Kohn
Small holes between the alveoli that allow macrophages go to move from one alveolus to another
Neutrophils
Small phagocytic cells
Papilla
Small raised areas that contain taste buds.
Gallbladder
Small sac that stores bile
Soft Palate
Soft posterior part of the palate.
Proctologist
Specialist in the study and treatment of diseases of the anus and rectum.
Lacteals
Specialized lymph capillaries present in the intestinal mucosa. Absorb digested fat and deliver chyle to the blood
Gastr(o)
Stomach
Jejunostomy
Surgical opening to the outside of the body for the jejunum.
Anoplasty
Surgical repair of the anus
Labioplasty
Surgical repair of the lips.
Cecopexy
Surgical repair or fixing of the cecum to correct excessive mobility
Salivary Glands
Surrounding the oral cavity and secrete saliva.
Esophagus
Swallowed materials pass through to get to stomach
Glottic mechanism
Swallowing reflex
Lymphocytes
T-cells and B-cells, located inside the lymph nodes, help the body fight infection. Any of the nearly colorless cells found in the blood, lymph, and lymphoid tissues, constituting approximately 25 percent of white blood cells and including B cells, which function in humoral immunity, and T cells, which function in cellular immunity
Dent(o); odont(o)
Teeth
Expiratory reserve volume (ESV)
The amount of air moved during typical resting ventilation
Ventilation
The bulk movement of the air down to the terminal ends of the airways where the gas exchange takes place with the bloodstream
Alveolar-capillary (respiratory) membrane
The combination of the alveolar wall and the capillary wall, represents the connection between respiratory and cardiovascular systems where gas exchange takes place
Respiratory bronchiole
The first portion of the airways where gas exchange begins
Hard Palate
The hard anterior part of the palate with irregular ridges of mucous membranes rugae.
Cardiopulmonary System
The heart and circulatory system are grouped together and known as this
Thyroid cartilage ("Adam's apple")
The largest of the cartilage found in the larynx
Fat Absorption
The lymphatic system absorbs fats from the digestive tract and transport them to the blood stream. Function #3
Defense
The lymphatic system helps defend the body against disease.
Fluid Balance
The lymphatic system takes up excess tissue liquid and returns it to the blood stream. This is one of the main functions of the lymphatic system. Function #2
Pylorus
The narrowed bottom part of the stomach
Cappilaries
The networks of small blood vessels that surround each alveolus
Body
The portion of the sternum where CPR is performed
Cellular respiration
The process of making ATP by breaking down gluclose
Vestibular, olfactory, & respiratory regions
The regions contained within each naval cavity
Immediate Hypersensitivity
The result of antibody-mediated immunity. Results in hay fever, hives, asthma, etc.
Alveoli
The small air sacs which represent the terminal end of the respiratory system
Rima Glottis (Glottis)
The space between the vocal chords that leads to lungs
Epitope (antigenic determinant)
The specific part of the antigen to which the lymphocyte responds
Tolerance
The suppression of the immune system's response to an antigen. Can be produced by the deletion of self-reactive cells, suppressor T cells
Nasal cavity
The three main regions contained within the space behind the nose, separated into right and left halves
Pharynx
The throat, a hollow & muscular structure lined with epithelial tissues, begins posterior at nasal cavities
Nasal septum
The wall separating the nasal cavity into right and left halves, made of bone and cartilage
Turbinates/conchae
Three scroll-like bones that split respiratory region into three channels
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, & Laryngopharynx
Three sections of pharynx
Villi
Tiny, one-cell-thick fingerlike projections with capillaries through which digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream and lymphatic system.
Respiratory System primary role
To deliver oxygen and remove CO2 from the bloodstream
Gloss(o); lingu(o)
Tongue
Respiratory volumes and capacities: Total lung capacity
Total amount of air in the lungs after maximum inhalation (vital capacity + residual volume)
How almost all Oxygen is transported
Transport for other 98.5% of O2 requires a carrier: hemoglobin (Hb) within red blood cells
Lower respiratory system: Trachea Description
Tube reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage that leads from the larynx to the bronchi
Celioma
Tumore in the abdomen.
Lower respiratory system: Bronchi (Primary) Description
Two large branches of the trachea reinforced with cartilage
Lower respiratory system: Lungs Description
Two lobed, elastic structures within the thoracic (chest) cavity containing surfaces for gas exchange
Nostrils/nares
Two openings of the nose where the upper airway begins
Lingual Tonsils
Two round mounds of lymphatic tissue, at the back of the tongue that play an important role in the immune system.
5. Which muscle fiber type would be activated during a maximal effort 40 meter sprint?
Type IIb (FG)
Hodgkin's lymphoma is caused by:
Unknown
Fundus
Upper, rounded portion of the stomach.
Nasopharynx
Uppermost section of the pharynx, begins just posterior to 2 nasal cavities, air breathed through nose passes through (lined w respiratory mucosa)
Lymphatic Capillaries
Very permeable, loosely joined endothelial mini-valves, withstand interstitial pressure and remain open simple squamous epithelium, large porous walls allow particles to enter.
Sigmoidoscopy
Visual examination of the sigmoid colon
Emesis
Vomiting
B lymphocytes
WBCs that originate and mature in the red bone marrow and produce antibodies
Cheeks
Walls of the oral cavity
Respiratory region
Warms air to body temp and moistens so that lungs do not dry out
antidiuretic
Water can be reabsorbed into the bloodstream at the DCT and collecting duct with help from the; decreases the volume of urine produced; is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
Glucose
What complex sugars are made into for the body to use.
Respiration
When O2 is added to the blood and CO2 is removed
External respiration
When the gas exchange occurs between the blood and the air in the external atmosphere
metabolic wastes
When the kidneys cannot filter blood, toxins build up and the blood becomes filled with this
Internal respiration
When the oxygenated blood is transported internally via the cardiovascular system to the cells and tissues
Exhalation
When voice is normally produced on vibration of the closed vocal chords
Esophagus location
Where C shape opens posteriorly, lined w respiratory mucosa
Bile
Which secreted by the gallbladder for use in breaking down fats and other digestive functions.
kidney stones
While in the renal pelvis, water can continue to leave the urine, concentrating the salts in the urine, which can lead to the formation of
functioning kidneys
Without ______________________, blood composition cannot be maintained and homeostasis will be lost
antibodies
Y-shaped proteins that provide specific defense for the human body for specific antigens
bacteria
________ outside the body can travel the short distance up the urethra and colonize the bladder, resulting in painful urination, often accompanied by bleeding from the irritated bladder walls
Nephritis and glomerulonephritis
_________________ are both inflammations of the nephron of the kidney
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
a cancer of the lymph nodes with some cells resembling healthy cells and spreading a diffuse pattern
Lysozyme
a chemical nonspecific defense found in tears and saliva that defends against invaders
cholangiography
a cholangiogram is an image of the bile vessels taken in the cholangiography
Function of pharynx (throat)
a common passageway for air, food and drink
pancreas
a digestive organ in the it secretes digestive fluids into the small intestine through its system of ducts
The physician has told the patient there is metastasis. The nurse explains to the patient this means
a disease has spread
immunosuppressive disease
a disease that suppresses the ability of the immune system to defend against infection
Renal Capsule
a fibrous layer of connective tissue that covers the kidney
epiglottis
a flap of tissue that covers the trachea until food moves into the esophagus
what is surfactant?
a fluid that lowers the surface tension on the inside of the moist alveolar walls, making the alveoli easier to inflate
Renal Pelvis
a funnel that is divided into large collecting tubes called major calyces; each calyx is divided into several minor calyces; the calyes form cup-shaped areas around the pyramids to collect the urine.
gastroscopy
a gastroscope is used to examine the stomach in gastroscopy
urinary bladder
a hollow, variable-sized organ it is lined with transitional epithelium to allow for expansion without tearing or destroying the integrity of the inner lining
B lymphocytes, B cells
a kind of lymphocytes that manufactures immunity
bile
a live also secretes bile (a yellowish-brown to greenish fluid) which is stored in the gallbladder for use in breaking down fats and other digestive functions.
mesentery
a membranous tissue that attaches both the small and large intestines to the muscle wall at the dorsal part of the abdomen
semen
a mixture of the secretions of the testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands discharged from the male urethra during orgasm (semen = seed)
phimosis
a narrowed condition of the prepuce (foreskin) resulting in its inability to be drawn over the glans penis, often leading to infection; commonly requires circumcision (phimo = muzzle)
components of urinary system
a pair of kidneys a pair of ureters the urinary bladder the urethra
procetoscope
a proctoscope is used to examine the rectum and anus in a procetoscope
anapylaxis
a reaction so serve that it can be life-threatening by decreasing blood pressure affecting breathing, and causing loss of consciousness
retrovirus
a ribonucleic acid (RNA) that causes reversal of normal cell copying. the word "retro" (reverse) refers to its being the opposite of the ordinary method of DNA copying itself onto RNA
What is the trachea?
a short (~5") tube from the larynx to the junction of the primary bronchi
sigmoidoscopy
a sigmoidoscope is used to examine the sigmoid colon i
intracytoplasmic sperm injection
a single sperm is injected into an egg
urethra
a single tube extending from the trigone of the bladder to the exterior
anal fistual
a small opening in the anal canal is called an anal fistula
peptic ulcer
a sore on the mucous membrane of any part of the gastrointestinal system
vaccination
a substance the provokes an immune response from an organism that causes active immunity via the production of antibodies
hepatitis
a term for several types of contagious diseases, some which are sexually transmitted
Hodgkin's lymphoma
a type of lymph cancer of uncertain origin that generally appears in early adulthood
Hodgkins disease
a type of lymph cancer of uncertain origin that generally appears in early adulthood
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
a virus spread by sexual contact, exchange of bodily fluids, or intravenous exposure.
the large intestine forms a perimeter in the _______________ cavity around the central mass of the small intestine
abdominal
obesity
abnormal accumulation of fat in the body
retroflexion
abnormal backward bending of the uterus
cervical neoplasia
abnormal development of cervical tissue cells
anteflexion
abnormal forward bending of the uterus (ante = before; flexus = bend)
vesicovaginal fistula
abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina
rectovaginal fistula
abnormal opening between the vagina and rectum
fistulas
abnormal passage or opening in tissue walls
fistula
abnormal passage, such as from one hollow organ to another (fistula = pipe)
leukorrhea
abnormal white or yellow vaginal discharge
hypermastia, macromastia
abnormally large breasts
amastia
absence of a breast
amenorrhea
absence of menstruation
anorchism
absence of one or both testes
anovulation
absence of ovulation
anuria
absence of urine formation
starts in the small intestine
absorption
ketone bodies, ketone compounds
acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid; products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body's abnormal utilization of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation
a condition in which the esophagus doesn't relax
achalasia
humoral immunity plasma cells immunoglobulins
acquired active immunity is further divided into two types. the first humoral immunity, is immunity provided by plasma cells, which produce antibodies called immunoglobulins.
antitoxin
acquired passive immunity is necessary in case of snakebites and tetanus or any problem where immediate immunity is need. in such cases, a dose of antitoxin (antibodies directed against specific toxins) in given to provide antibodies.
Forced exhalation
actively decrease the volume of the chest cavity even more (quickly and/or powerfully) by contracting muscles that lower the ribcage and compress the abdomen. example- blowing up a balloon, shouting, coughing, or sneezing
Forced (deep) inhalation
additional muscles elevate the ribs to further (and more rapidly) increase the volume of the chest cavity
thymosin
after being produced in the bone marrow, some of the lymphocytes (immature T cells) migrate through the thymus gland where they acquire the marker that identifies them as T lymphocytes. other lymphocytes become B cells. T cells provided immunity after they leave the thymus. their movement is aided by thymosin, a hormone secretes by the thymus
Lactation occurs
after birth
antispasmodic
agent that controls intestinal tract spasms
antidiarrheal
agent that controls loose, watery stools
laxative
agent that induces bowels to move in order to relieve constipation
cathartic
agent that induces vomiting; also a strong laxative for emptying the bowels
corticosteriods
agent that mics cortisone and regulates systemic inflammation
antacid
agent that neutralizes the stomach acid
antiemetic
agent that prevent vomiting
appendix
also called the vermiform appendix, it is filled with lymphatic tissue but is considered an appendage
Identify the combining term amni(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
amnion
amt
amount
appendage
an accessory part of the body that has no central function, because it no longer has a role in the digestive process
infectious mononucleosis
an acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. infectious mononucleosis is often called the "kissing disease," because it is usually transmitted through mouth-to-mouth contact during kissing, sharing drinks, and sharing eating utensils. rest is generally the only cure
allergen
an allergy-causing substance
anal fistulectomy
an anal fistula removal
jejunum
an eight-foot long section of the small intestine in which the digestive process continues
hepatomegaly
an enlarged liver
amylase
an enzyme that begins the digestion of carbohydrates, that aid in the breaking down food
lymphangitis
an infection of a lymphatic vessel
lymphadenitis
an infection that causes swelling and tenderness of nearby lymph nodes.
volvulus
an intestinal blockage caused by twisting of the intestine on itself, requires emergency surgery
cholecystography
an x-ray of the gallbladder taken after the patient swallows iodine
the last 1-2 inches of the large intestine are called the
anal canal
surgical union of two hollow tubes to corrects a given digestive disorder
anastomosis
fatty acids
and other substances through the action of the digestive enzymes
patient is experiencing dyspepsia, which medication should they use
antacid
the production of testosterone is stimulated by luteinizing hormones that come out of the
anterior pituitary
Spasms in the gastrointestinal tract can be relieved with
antispasmodics
The nurse is assessing a patient's urinary output and identifies the patient has had no urinary output in 10 hours. The nurse documents this condition is as:
anuria
Females contract UTIs more often than males because their urethral opening is located near the
anus
Identify the combining form proct(o) with its closest definition.
anus
faces pass through
anus
feces exits
anus
proct(o)
anus & rectum
proct(o)
anus and rectum
granulocytes
any group of white blood cells having granules in the cytoplasm; travel along the walls of blood vessels
cholangitis
any inflammation of the bile duct
cholecystitis
any inflammation of the gallbladder, either acute or chronic
immunoglobulin E (IgE)
appears in glandular secretions and is associated with allergic reactions
inflammation of the appendix
appendicitis
amino acids
are compounds that can be absorbed by the body
enteritis, colitis
are general terms for inflammation in the small intestine
billroth I, Billroth II
are two types of operation, the first s the excision o the pylorus, and the second is the re sectioning of the pylorus with the stomach
Germinal centers
area of the lymph nodes within secondary follicles and an area where B cells proliferate, undergo somatic hypermutation and die, causing the node to swell during infection ( lymphatic nodules containing rapidly dividing lymphocytes)
The dark-pigmented area surrounding the breast nipple is the ____________________.
areola
abdominal cavity
ascites collect
uvula
at the back of the soft palate is a downward cone-shaped projection called the uvula
rectum
attaches to the anal canal
implantation
attachment and penitration of the embryo to the lining (endometrium) of the uterus
reflux
backflow
reflux
backflow of food
retroversion
backward turn of the whole uterus; also called tipped uterus
bacteri/o
bacteria
Inflammation of the glans penis is ____________
balanitis
Inflammation of the glans penis is ____________.
balanitis
renal pelvis
basin-like portion of the ureter within the kidney
BRP
bathroom privileges
nocturnal enuresis
bed-wetting during sleep
-arche (suffix)
beginning
fibrocystic breasts
benign condition of the breast consisting of fibrous and cystic changes that render the tissue more dense; patient feels painful lumps that fluctuate with menstrual periods
what is the medical term for a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland
benign prostatic hyperplasia
fibroid, fibromyoma, leiomyoma
benign tumor in the uterus composed of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue
where is pleural fluid found?
between the layers of the pleura
The liver secretes
bile
chol(e)
bile
the gallbladder stores and concentrates
bile
Prostate cancer can be diagnosed by
biopsy
congenital anomalies, congenital irregularities
birth defects that cause abnormal development of an organ or a structure (e. g., double uterus or absent vagina)
Identify the combining form cyst(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
bladder
Identify the combining form vesic(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
bladder
The hollow, muscular organ that stores urine is the ____________________.
bladder
cyst(o)
bladder
cyst/o, vesic/o
bladder or sac
metrorrhagia
bleeding from the uterus at any time other than normal menstruation
lymphedema
blocks the lymphatic drainage, producing painful debilitating fluid build-up for the individual.
Complement
body's defense mechanism which is made up of a series of plasma proteins which attract phagocytes causing the destruction of the bacterial invaders
The primary female hormones is/are
both estrogen and progesterone
ANP and BNP
both increase blood volume and blood pressure
caffeine and alcohol
both increase urine production, apparently through decreased ADH production
Nonspecific Defense
both physical and chemical factors: skin, mucous membranes, ciliated cells, sebaceous gland secretions (oil), lysozyme found in: (perspiration, saliva, tears,) acid of the stomach, normal flora (natural bacteria)
A common cancer site in the male reproductive system is the
both testicular and prostate
Identify the combining term mast(o) with its closest definition ____________________
breast
Identify the combining term mast(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
breast
mast/o, mamm/o
breast
A reduction mammoplasty refers to a(an) ____________.
breast reduction
bronchioles tissue
bronchioles have no cartilage, but have extensive smooth muscle
The Cowper's gland is another name for the ____________________ gland.
bulbourethral
glans penis
bulging structure at the distal end of the penis (glans = acorn)
episodes of binging and purging
bulimia nervosa
How do you change the volume of the lungs?
by moving the diaphragm and rib cage
Identify the combining form calic(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
calix
The ducts in the renal medulla enter into a
calyx
Filtration Rate
can be notified by changing the pressure difference across the filter
lymphoma
cancer of lymphoid tissue
lymphoma
cancer of the lymph nodes, is a relatively common cancer with high cure rates
Lymphatic vessels
carry lymph, are a one-way system, flow toward the heart
cath
catheter
function of respiratory muscles
cause breathing
Mycobacterium avium-intracellular (MAI)
caused by bacterium found in soil and water. systemic infection with fever, diarrhea, lung and blood disease, and wasting
candidias
caused by fungus: Candida albicans. digestive tract, respiratory tract, skin, and some reproductive organs (particularly the vagina)
Pneumocystis jironveci
caused by parasite, Pneumocystis carinii. lungs- a particularly dangerous type of pneumonia
hyperbilirubinemia
causes a yellow discoloration of the skin
aldosterone
causes the excretion of potassium ions into the filtrate and the reabsorption of sodium ions from the forming urine, so water will leave the filtrate with the sodium ions and remain in the tissues of the body
beginning of the large intestine
cecum
is part of the large intestine
cecum
primary spermatocytes
cell dividing into two secondary spermatocytes
zygote
cell formed by the union of the sperm and egg; the product of fertilization
papilla, papillae (pl.)
cells that provide the sensation of taste (taste bud)
Identify the combining term cervic(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
cervix
menopause
cessation of menstrual periods caused by lack of ovarian hormones
carotid bodies and chemical controls
chemoreceptors respond to lowered blood levels of oxygen
Medulla oblongata in chemical controls
chemoreceptors respond to rising blood level of CO2 (increased acidity, H+) and lowered blood level of oxygen
Aortic bodies in chemical controls of breathing
chemoreceptors respond to rising blood levels of carbon dioxide and lowered blood levels of oxygen
Mastication
chewing
mastication
chewing
mastication
chewing - breaks down food into small particles while mixing it with saliva
surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder
cholecystectomy
inflammation of the gallbladder
cholecystitis
semi-formed mass that develops after eating
chyme
degenerative liver disease, often caused by alcoholism or hepatitis
cirrhosis
epididymis
coiled duct on the top and at the side of the testis that stores sperm before emission
epididymis
coiled tubules next to the testes where sperm mature and may be stored for a short time
The patient is scheduled for a colectomy. The nurse explains to the patient that this is the removal of the
colon
colon(o)
colon
located in the large intestine
colon
A vaginal hemorrhage is _______.
colporrhagia
Anuria
complete suppression of excretion by kidneys; absence of urine
gluoce
complex sugars are reduced to glucose and other simple sugars
endometriosis
condition characterized by migration of portions of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity
polyuria
condition of excessive urination
hypospadias
congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis (spadias = to draw away)
dermoid cyst
congenital tumor composed of displaced embryonic tissue (teeth, bone, cartilage, and hair); typically found in an ovary and usually benign
ileum
connects the small intestine to the large intestine, the muscle that relaxes to allow undigestive and unabsorbed food material into the large intestine in fairly regular waves
Cerebral cortex
conscious control of breathing
difficult or infrequent defecation is called
constipation
gonorrhea
contagious inflammation of the genital mucous membranes caused by invasion of the gonococcus Neisseria gonorrhea; the condition was named for the urethral discharge characteristic of the infection, which was first thought to be a leakage of semen (gono = seed; rrhea = discharge); the genus is named after the Polish dermatologist Albert Neisser
gonorrhea
contagious inflammation of the genital mucous membranes caused by invasion of the gonococcus Neisseria gonorrhea; the term refers to the urethral discharge characteristic of the infection, which was first thought to be a leakage of semen (gono = seed; rrhea = discharge); the genus is named for the Polish dermatologist Albert Neisser
Renal Medulla
contains renal pyramids which are composed of collecting tubles for urine formed in the kidney
Function
controls the body fluid and electrolyte balance
Sympathetic Nervous System
controls urine- during stress "fight or flight" less urine is produced
elimination
conversion of any residual material from a liquid to a solid and removal of that material from the alimentary canal via defication
digestive enzymes
convert complex proteins into amino acids to be absorbed
seminal vesicles
convoluted, saclike structure attached to vas deferens near the base of the bladder in males; contributes to seminal fluid
The outer portion of the kidneys are the
cortex
he outer protective layer of the kidneys is the ____________________.
cortex
acrosome
covering on the tip of the sperm cell's nucleus that is believed to contain enzymes neccessary for fertilization
epiglottis
covers the trachea until the food is moved to the esophagus
Which substance is measured in urinary test as an indicator of kidney function?
creatine
parovarian cyst
cyst of the uterine tube (fallopian tube)
A procedure that allows a physician to look into the bladder and examine its interior is termed a ____________________.
cystoscopy
cysto
cystoscopy
areola
dark, circular area surrounding the nipple of the breast
areola
dark-pigmented area around the nipple
nephrosis
degenerative disease of the renal tubules
After chewing, swallowing or ____________________ takes place.
deglutition
tooth decay
dental caries
loudness of sound production
depends on the pressure/velocity of the air rushing past the vocal cords.
Pitch of sound
depends on the tension on and thickness of the vocal cords
the sigmoid colon is an s-shaped curve in the ________________ colon
descending
prolapse
descent of the uterus down the vaginal canal
Natural Killer Cells (NK)
destroy virus-infected cells and tumor-affected cells by cell to cell contact
liver biopsy
determines the extant of the disease
oocyte
developing female gamate
gynecomastia
development of mammary glands in the male caused by altered hormone levels
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
develops in the blood plasma in response to certain antigens within the body or from foreign sources. it is the first antibody to be produced after infection
Stomach acids such as hydrochloric acid are important for
digestion
Amino acids converted proteins due to
digestive enzymes
enzymes
digestive enzymes convert complex proteins into amino acids
alimentary canal
digestive tract or gastrointestinal trace and several accessory organs
ovulation
discharge of a mature egg from the follicle within the ovary
Urination
discharge or passage of urine
Peyronie disease
disorder characterized by a buildup of hardened fibrous tissue in the corpus cavernosum, causing pain and a defective curvature of the penis, especially during erection
displacement of uterus
displacement of the uterus from its normal position
Secretion of urine can be controlled with anticholinergics and _
diuretics
uvula
downware cone-shaped projection
mucopurulent discharge
drainage of mucus and pus
ejaculatory duct
duct formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle; its fluid is carried into the urethra
vas deferens
duct that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct (vas = vessel; deferens = carrying away)
calices or calyces
ducts that carry urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis (kalyx = cup of a flower)
duoden(o)
duodenum
the pancreas is encircled by the
duodenum
Fertilization can occur
during ovulation
patient cannot swallow
dysphagia
shape of alveolus (alveoli singular)
each is a cup-shaped chamber.
what stage goes From fertilization to two weeks so I got begins to undergo mitosis and implants itself in the endometrium
early embryonic
what are the three periods of the prenatal development
early embryonic embryonic Fetal
bulima
eating disorder associated with binging and purging
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder resulting in extreme weight loss. patients often stop or extremely limit food intake
what is the term for the implantation of a fertilized egg in the lining of the fallopian tube rather than the endometrium of the uterus
ectopic pregnancy
Identify the combining term oo with its closest definition ____________________.
egg
ov/i, ov/o
egg
ejaculation
ejection of seminal fluid
Function
eliminate waste (make urine)
week 3 to 8, zygot now embryo, formation of extra embryonic membranes, placenta, and organ systems of the body occur during which stage
embryonic
splenomegaly
enlarged lymph nodes, enlarged spleen
varicocele
enlarged, swollen, herniated veins near the testis (varico = twisted vein)
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
enlargement of the prostate gland, common in older men, causing urinary obstruction
introitus
entrance to the vagina
pepsin
enzyme in the gastric juice that begins protein degestion
amylase
enzyme that begins the digestion of carbohydrates
convert complex proteins to amino acids
enzymes
Identify the combining term epididym(o) term with its closest definition ____________________.
epididymis
The part of the testes where sperm is stored is the ___________________
epididymis
The part of the testes where sperm is stored is the ____________________.
epididymis
epididym/o
epididymis
penis
erectile tissue covered with skin that contains the urethra for urination and the ducts for secretion of seminal fluid (semen)
esophag(o)
esophagus
part of the alimentary canal from the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
esophagoplasty
esophagus repair
which hormone involved in breast-feeding function is to stimulate the mammary glands within the breast produce milk
estrogen
which hormone involved in breast-feeding is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
estrogen
what are the two hormones that are involved in breast-feeding
estrogen progesterone
what the two primary female sex hormones
estrogen progesterone
uremia, azotemia
excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure
Albuminuria
excess protein in the urine
menorrhagia
excessive bleeding at the time of menstruation (menses)
edema
excessive tissue fluid
Function of lower respiratory system
exchanges gases
functions of urinary system
excretes aqueous waste maintains fluid balance regulates blood composition and volume helps maintain blood pressure monitors and maintains red blood cell levels assists in vitamin D synthesis monitors and adjusts the ionic composition of the blood regulates the pH of the blood maintains blood glucose levels produces hormones that regulate calcium levels
Oliguria
excretion of diminished amounts of urine in relation to fluid intake
The urinary system is also known as the renal or ____________________ system.
excretory
he urinary system is also known as the renal or ____________________ system.
excretory
vulva
external genitalia of the female
vulva
external genitalia of the female that lie near the opening of the vagina
perineum
external region between the scrotum and anus in a male and between the vulva and anus in a female
erectile dysfunction
failure of the penis to reach erection
erectile dysfunction (ED)
failure to initiate or maintain an erection until ejaculation because of physical or psychologic dysfunction; formerly termed impotence (im = not; potis = able)
Identify the combining term salping(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
fallopian tube
dentify the combining term salping(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
fallopian tube
the appendix is part of the digestive system
false - does not play a role
Identify the combining term gynec(o) with its closest definition ____________________
female
Identify the combining term gynec(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
female
vagina
female copulatory organ and birth canal
clitoris
female erectile tissue in the anterior portion of the vulva
ovaries
female gonad; the organ that produces eggs, estrogen, and progesterone
uterus
female organ in whilch the fetus develops
menstrual cycle
female reproductive cycle characterized by regularly occurring changes in the uterine lining
progesterone
female sex hormone secreted by the ovaries that, along with estrogen, promotes the development and maintenance of the primary and secondary female sex characteristics
estrogen
female sex hormone secreted by the ovaries that, along with progesterone, promotes the development and maintenance of the primary and secondary female sex characteristics
A semen analysis is done when a couple is having ____________________ problems.
fertility
A procedure that allows a physician to look into the bladder and examine its interior is termed a ____________________.
fetal
week nine to birth, embryo now fetus, final development, only a few new parts appear during what prenatal development
fetal
Function: Upper respiratory system
filters, warms, moistens air
Urine is produced by ____________________.
filtration
what does the pleura attach?
firmly attaches the base of each lung to the diaphragm
colostrum
first secretion of a woman's mammary glands after she give birth
The patient has stools passing through an abnormal opening in a tissue wall. The healthcare provider identifies a(n)
fistula
abnormal passage in tissue walls
fistula
The sperm is propelled forward by its tail called a ____________________.
flagellum
passing gas
flatulence
gums
fleshy sockets that hold the teeth
saliva
fluid containing enzymes that aid in breaking down food (amylase)
urine
fluid produced by the kidneys, containing water and waste products
lymph
fluid that contains white blood cells and other substances and flow in the lymphatic vessels
amniotic fluid
fluid within the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects the fetus
hymen
fold of mucous membrane that encircles the entrance to the vagina
labia
folds of tissue on either side of the vaginal opening; known as the labia majora and labia minora
in which phase does estrogen dominates
follicular
the two phases of the ovarian cycle are
follicular phase luteal phase
what is the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that INITIATES the ovarian cycle by stimulating the development of the eggs within ovaries
follicular stimulating hormone
mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine bowels anal canal
food enters the alimentary canal through the mouth, then passes through the pharynx and the esophagus then into the stomach, then into the small intestine, or large intestine or bowels, and then into the anal canal
peristaltic wave
food is advanced toward the stomach
chyme
food mixed with gastric juice form a semifluid mass
FF
force fluids
prepuce
foreskin; loose casing that covers the glans penis; removed by circumcision
glomerulonephritis
form of nephritis involving the glomerulus
lingual tonsils
form two rounded mounds of lymphatic tissue that play an important role in the immune system
halitosis
foul mouth odor
Nephrons
fucntional unit of the kidney, consisting of millions of microscopic filters and tubes.
upper rounded portion of the stomach
fundus
thrush
fungal infection in the mouth
Which of the following medications is a diuretic?
furosemide
chole
gall
cholecyct(o)
gallbladder
cholecyt(o)
gallbladder
common disorder for the gallbladder
gallstones
Female sex cells are called
gametes
Reproduction is sexual means that males and females must each contribute specialize sex cells called
gametes
What type of surgery might an obese patient have?
gastric bypass or resection
medical term for stomachache
gastrodynia
The 40 weeks of fetal development are known as ____________________.
gestation
adren(o)
gland
prostate gland
gland in males that is located about the urethra at the base of the bladder; contributes to the seminal fluid
bulbourethral gland
gland located in the pelvic cavity that adds secretions to seminal fluid within the urethra
The female breast are also known as the mammary ____________________.
glands
balan/o
glans penis
Identify the combining form glomerul(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
glomerulus
glomerul/o
glomerulus (small ball)
pain in the tongue
glossodynia
Complex sugars are reduced to
glucose
gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o
glucose (sugar)
glucosuria, glycosuria
glucose (sugar) in the urine
if a patient has exess uric acid in their system, which of the following conditions could develop?
gout
The fleshy sockets that hold the teeth are called the
gums
gingiv(o)
gums
The specialist that diagnoses and treats disorders of the female reproductive system is a _______.
gynecologist
anterior 2/3 of the palate
hard palate
trachea has what kind of rings?
has incomplete (C-shaped) cartilage rings
kidneys
help maintain the blood's acid-base balance
swollen and twisted veins in anus
hemorrhoids
A contagious liver disease is
hepatitis
hydrocele
hernia of fluid in the testis or in the tubes leading from the testis
the medical condition in which there is a protrusion of the stomach
hiatal hernia
seminiferous tubules
highly coiled duct within the male testes that produces and transports sperm
The blood vessels, nerves and ureters enter and leave the kidneys through a depression called a (n) ____________________.
hilum
LH luteinizing hormone
hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the development of the corpus luteum in females and the production of testosterone in males
human chorionic gonadotropin HCG
hormone produced by the placenta that helps maintain pregnancy and is the basis for the pregnancy test
inhibin
hormone secreted by seminiferous tubules that inhibits the release of follicle-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
thymosin
hormone secretes by the thymus gland that aids in distribution of thymocytes (T lymphocyte) and lymphocytes
metastasis
how far the disease has spread
stomach uses to break down food
hydrochloric acid
urinary tract infection
if the ________ bacteria remain in the bladder, they will eventually travel up the ureters and colonize the pelvis and tubules of the kidney
ile(o)
ileum
which structure connects the small intestine to the large intestine
ileum
intestinal blockage
ileus
sexually transmitted diseases STD
illness communicated primarily or exclusively through sexual intercourse
immun(o)
immunity
immunity, immunication
immunity or immunication is the injection of a vaccination
The first antigen to be produced after an infection is
immunoglobulin
ectopic pregnancy
implantation of the embryo in a location other than the uterus, most often in the uterine tube
endometriosis
implantation of uterine endometrial tissue in the abdominal cavity, possibly as a result of irregular menstrual flow
lingual tonsils
important for immune system (back of tongue)
bronchioles terminate here
in the alveoli
antigens
in the bloodstream, certain substances called antigens may provoke an immune response to certain diseases
white blood cells
in the urine indicate that an immune response is occurring, usually in response to an infection of the urinary tract, or occasionally the kidney
hemoglobin
in the urine indicates bleeding in the upper urinary tract
glucose
in the urine signifies diabetes mellitus
infertility
inability to have as many children as desired
Impotence is the
inability to maintain an erection
aspermia
inability to secrete or ejaculate sperm
The most common bladder disorder is
incontinence
The patient cannot control his urine or feces. The nurse would document this as:
incontinence
Diuresis
increased excretion of urine
hypersensitivity
increases as exposure increases, sometimes resulting in anaphylaxis (or anaphylactic reaction or shock
diuretic
increases the volume of urine produced
hilum
indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave
vaginosis
infection of the vagina, with little or no inflammation, characterized by a milk-like discharge and an unpleasant odor; also known as non-specific vaginitis
syphilis
infectious disease caused by a spirochete transmitted via direct, intimate contact and that may involve any organ or tissue over time; usually manifests first on the skin, with the appearance of small, painless, red papules that erode and form bloodless ulcers called chancres
salpingitis
inflammation of a fallopian tube
oophoritis
inflammation of one or both ovaries
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
inflammation of organs in the pelvic cavity; usually includes the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and endometrium; most often caused by bacteria
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix caused by gastric substances leakage from the duodenum, usually requires surgery to prevent the appendix from bursting
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
mastitis
inflammation of the breast; most commonly occurs in women who are breastfeeding
cervicitis
inflammation of the cervix
endometritis
inflammation of the endometrium
epididymitis
inflammation of the epididymis
balanitis
inflammation of the glans penis
nephritis
inflammation of the kidney
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver; often due to a serious infection by any number of viruses
prostatitis
inflammation of the prostate
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the renal pelvis
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
urethrocystitis
inflammation of the urethra and bladder
vaginitis
inflammation of the vagina with redness, swelling, and irritation; often caused by a specific organism, such as Candida (yeast) or Trichomonas (a sexually transmitted parasite)
adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD)
inherited condition of multiple cysts that gradually form in the kidney, causing destruction of normal tissue that leads to renal failure; diagnosed in adults presenting with hypertension, kidney enlargement, and recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs)
medulla
inner part of the kidney
amnion, amniotic sac
innermost of the membranes surrounding the embryo in the uterus, filled with amniotic fluid
I&O
intake and output
spermatids
intermediate stage in the formation of sperm cells
where within the testes is testosterone produced
interstitial cells
meconium
intestinal discharges of the fetus that form the first stools in the newborn
enter(o)
intestine
IVP
intravenous pyelogram
urinary tract infection (UTI)
invasion of pathogenic organisms (commonly bacteria) in the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, and malaise
incontinence
involuntary discharge of urine or feces
stress urinary incontinence (SUI)
involuntary discharge of urine with coughing, sneezing, and/or strained exercise
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine, usually referring to a lack of bladder control
oligo-ovulation
irregular ovulation
rugae
irregular ridges of mucous membrane at the anterior part of the hard palate
dysentery
irritation of the intestinal tract with loose stools
cirrhosis
is a chronic liver disease usually caused by poor nutrition and excessive alcohol consumption
ulcerative colitis
is a chronic type of inflammatory bowel disease with symptoms similar to ulcerative colitis by lacking ulcers and sometimes having fistulas
colic
is a condition (usually in infants) of gastrointestinal distress due to allergies, an underdeveloped digestive tract, or other condition that prevent easy digestive of foood
melena
is a condition in which blood that is not fresh appears in the stool as black, tarry mass
diverticulosis
is a condition in which diverticula, trap food or bacteria
ankyloglossia
is a condition in which the tongue is partially or completely attached to the floor of the mouth, thereby preventing normal movement
constipation
is a condition with infrequent or difficult release of bowel movements, sometimes the result of insufficient moisture to soften and move stools
Western blot
is a confirming test for the presence of HIV antibodies. a diagnosis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is made based on the presence of opportunistic infections and T-cells in specified ranges
polyposis
is a general term for a condition in which polyps develop in the intestinal tract
dysentery
is a general term for irritation of the intestinal tract with loose stools and other symptoms, such as abdominal pain and weakness
hepatopathy
is a gerenal term for liver disease
cecum
is a pouch attached to the bottom of the ileum of the small intestine.
nausea
is a sick feeling in the stomach caused by illness or the ingestion of spoiled food
albumin
is a small protein that, if present in the urine, must be entering the nephrons at the glomerulus could reflect excessively high blood pressure in the glomerulus
abdominocentesis, paracentesis
is a surgical puncture to remove fluid or relieve pressure in the abdominal cavity, as in ascites
thymoma
is a tumor of the thymus gland
sigmoid colon
is an S-shaped body that goes across the pelvis to the middle of the sacrum, where it connects to the rectum
flatulence
is an accumulation of gas in the stomach or intestines
Lymphatic system
is an extensive drainage network that helps keep bodily fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections.
allergy
is an immune overresponse to a stimulus
liver
is an important digestive organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity
alphagia
is an inability to swallow
cholelithotomy
is an incision for the removal of stones
choledocholithotomy
is an incision for the removal of stones in the common bile duct
lymphadenotomy
is an incision into a lymph node
gastroenteritis
is an inflammation of both the stomach and small intestine
diverticulitis
is an inflammation of the diverticula
ileitis
is an inflammation of the ileum
pancreatitis
is an inflammation of the pancreas
proctitis
is an inflammation of the rectum and anus
ileus
is an intestinal blockage, which may be caused by lack of sufficient moisture to move waste material through the system or by an internal disorder
colostomy
is an opening in the colon to the abdominal wall to create a place for waste to exit the body other than through the anus
esophagitis
is any inflammation of the esophagus
gastritis
is any stomach inflammation
hematochezia
is bright red blood in the stool
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
is common in exocrine gland secretion, such as breast milk, tears, nasal fluid, gastric juice, and so on. IgA transfers immunity from mother to infant through breast milk
colon
is composed of the ascending colon, the transverse colon, and the descending colon
hemodialysis
is dialysis between blood and another fluid
dyspepsia
is difficulty in digesting food, particularly in the stomach
dysphagia
is difficulty in swallowing
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
is effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins
steatorrhea
is fat in the stool
formation of larynx
is formed by several pieces of cartilage (and a few ligaments/muscles, too)
acquired passive immunity
is immunity provided in the form of antibodies or antitoxins that have been developed in another person or another species
immunoglobulin D (IgD)
is important in B cells activation, which helps immunity by transforming itself into a plasma cell in the presence of a specific type of antigen
diarrhea
is loose, watery stools that may be the result of insufficient roughage or of a internal disorer
concentrated urine
is produced by the reabsorption of water at the loop of the nephron and the collecting duct
hiatal hernia
is protrusion of the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm called the hiatal opening
diverticulectomy
is removal of diverticula
hepatic lobectomy
is removal of one or move lobes of the liver
splenectomy
is removal of the spleen, which is usually required if it is ruptured
thymectomy
is removal of the thymus gland, which is very important to the maturation process by not as serious once a patient reaches adulthood
saliva
is secreted by the salivary glands. a fluid containing enzymes
elimination
is the conversion of any residual material from a liquid to a solid and removal of that material from the alimentary canal via defecation
ileostomy
is the creating of an opining in the abdomin, which is attached to the ileum to allow fecal matter to discharge into a bag outside the body
cholelithotripsy
is the crushing of gallstones using sound waves or other techniques
dialysis
is the exchange of aqueous substances between two solutions through a membrane
natural immunity
is the human body's natural resistance to certain diseases
urge incontinence
is the inability to quell the urge to urinate
achlorhydria
is the lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, a chemical necessary for digestion
stress incontinence
is the leaking of urine during physical exertion
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
is the most widespread immuonsupprresive disease
overflow incontinence
is the overflowing of the urinary bladder caused by waiting too long before urinating
digestion
is the process of breaking down foods into nutrients that can be absorbed by cells
absorption
is the process of digesting nutrients into the bloodstream
flatus
is the release of gas through the anus
hemorrhoidectomy
is the removal of hemorrhoids, which are sometimes treated by by laser cauterization
polypectomy
is the removal of polyps, particularly in areas such as the colon, which are susceptible to cancer
hymphadenectomy
is the removal of the lymph node
intussusception
is the telescoping of the intestine
colonoscopy
is the use of an endoscope to examine the colon
esophagoscopy
is the use of an esophagoscope to illuminate the esophagus as it is passes through the mouth and into the esophagus
hematemesis
is the vomiting of blood from the stomach, usually a sign of a severe disorder
halitosis
is unusually foul moth ordar, which may be caused by poor dental hygiene
what happens in the alveoli?
it is the site of gas exchange between the air and blood
tubular secretion
it removes waste products and other unwanted substances too large to filter from the blood at the glomerulus such as steroids and drug breakdown products; third step in urine formation
Where is PCCE found?
it's found lining the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
what tissue is found in the trachea
it's lined by PCCE
what is the nasal cavity
it's the internal portion of the nose
jejun(o)
jejunum
what fluid does the pancreas produce
juice
ket/o, keton/o
ketone bodies
Identify the combining form nephr(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
kidney
Renal
kidney
The health care provider orders a renogram that is used to study the function of the
kidney
dentify the combining form ren(o) with its closest definition
kidney
nephr/o, ren/o
kidney
KUB
kidneys, ureter, bladder
toc/o
labor or birth
Prolactin is a female hormone that promotes ____________________.
lactation
the first phase of breast-feeding is called
lactation
IgM
largest antibody type, 1st antibody produced with any new infection
spleen
largest lymphatic organ, located in the upper left region of the abdominal cavity
pelvic inflammatory disease PID
latent infection of gonorrhea or chlamydia in the vasa deferentia or uterine tubes
left uterine appendage
left tube and ovary
condyloma acuminatum (pl. condylomata acuminata)
lesion that appears as a result of HPV; on the skin, lesions appear as cauliflower-like warts, and on mucous membranes, they have a flat appearance; also known as venereal or genital warts
condyloma acuminatum (pl. condyloma acuminata)
lesion that appears as a result of human papilloma virus; on the skin, lesions appear as cauliflower-like warts, and on mucous membranes, they have a flat appearance, also known as venereal or genital warts
endometrium
lining of the uterus that becomes thickened and vascular during the menstrual cycle
endometrium
lining of the uterus, which is shed approximately every 28 to 30 days in a nonpregnant female during menstruation
cheiloplasty
lip repair
cheil(o)
lips
Interstitial fluid
liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid environment of the body
In urinalysis, bilirubin in the urine may indicate disease of the
liver
hepat(o)
liver
hepatitis is an inflammation of the
liver
largest organ in the body
liver
lymph nodes
located along the lymphatic vessels are the lymph nodes, small lumps of lymphatic tissue that serve as collected points to filter the lymph
thymus gland
located in the thoracic cavity between the trachea and the sternum superior to the heart. Aids the maturation of T Lymphocytes.
menses
loss of blood and tissue from the uterus
Oxygen solubility in water
low solubility in water. Very little ( 1.5% of the total) Oxygen can be transported dissolved in plasma
which phase begins after ovulation progesterone dominates
luteal phase
what is the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland each monthly CAUSES OVULATION of the egg from the ovary
luteinizing hormone
the production of testosterone is stimulated by
luteinizing hormones
The fluid that circulates through the lymph system is:
lymph
lymph(o)
lymph
Identify the combining term lymphaden(o) with its closest definition ____________.
lymph nodes
lymphaden(o)
lymph nodes
Interferon
lymphatic defense mechanism that prevents viral reproduction
peyer patches
lymphatic nodules located in the intestinal wall and the walls of the appendix.
tonsils
lymphatic organs composed of lymphatic nodules: pharyngeal, lingual, and palatine types
appendix contains
lymphatic tissue
lymphangi(o)
lymphatic vessels
Helper T cells
lymphocytes that mature in the thymus that release cytokines that initiate assistance from other immune cells, consequently increasing the immune response
clone of B cells
made up of plasma cells(effector cells) and memory cells
IgA
main antibody type found in secretions such as saliva and milk
IgE
main antibody type responsible for immediate allergic response and fighting parasitic infections
functions of kidney
maintaining the body's water and salt balance removing acidic and basic substances from the blood we excrete or reabsorb many substances in an effort to keep our blood volume relatively constant, and our blood pH at roughly 7.4
greater tension on vocal cords
makes for higher pitch. Laryngeal muscles attach to and adjust the tension on the vocal cords
penis
male excretory and copulatory organ
sperm
male gamate having a haploid number of chromosomes and the ability to fertilize an egg, the female gamete
sperm, spermatozoon
male gamete or sex cell produced in the testes that unites with the ovum in the female to produce offspring
testis
male gonad; the organ that produces sperm and testosterone
Kaposi's sarcome
malignancy arising from capillary linings. skin and lymph nodes
prostate cancer
malignancy of the prostate gland
Nephroblastoma is a _________ kidney tumor
malignant
carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the cervix
malignant cell changes of the cervix that are localized, without any spread to adjacent structures
testicular cancer
malignant tumor in one or both testicles commonly developing from the germ cells that produce sperm; classified in two groups according to growth potential
adenocarcinoma of the breast
malignant tumor of glandular breast tissue
A breast augmentation is a ____________________.
mastopexy
vesicular (graafian) follicle
mature follicle within the ovaries that houses a developing egg
eructation
may release some of the gas through the mouth
meat/o
meatus (opening)
The inner portion of the kidney is the ____________________
medulla
they are produced be a special sale division processes called
meiosis
condition that has black, tarry stools
melena
Identify the combining term andr(o) term with its closest definition ____________________.
men
the three phases of the uterine cycle
menstrual phase proliferative phase secretary phase
Eggs that are not fertilized are expelled during ____________________.
menstruation
ggs that are not fertilized are expelled during ____________________.
menstruation
men/o
menstruation
nephron
microscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised of kidney cells and capillaries, each of which is capable of forming urine
What are alveoli?
microscopic, thin-walled air pockets that are surrounded by elastic fibers and have capillaries. they are located within the lungs
obstetr/o
midwife
Identify the combining term lact(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
milk
lact/o
milk
chlamydia
most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in North America; often occurs with no symptoms and is treated only after it has spread
chlamydia
most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in North America; often occurs with no symptoms and is treated only after it has spread, such as after causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
seminoma
most common type of testicular tumor, composed of immature germ cells; highly treatable with early detection
canker sores commonly occur
mouth
stomat(o)
mouth
Alimentary canal
mouth->pharynx->esophagus->stomach->small intestine->large intestine->rectum->anus
function of intercostal muscles
move ribs during breathing
tongue
moves food during mastication, chewing
tongue
moves food, holds in place
Breathing moves
moves in & out of the lungs
surface of alveolus
much of it is covered with capillaries. the interface provides a vast surface area for the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood
frenulum
mucous membrane that attaches the tongue to floor of the mouth
function of diaphragm
muscle sheet between chest and abdominal cavities with a roll in breathing
Bladder
muscular sack that holds urine
myometrium
muscular wall of the uterus
The middle layer of uterine tissue is the ____________________.
myometrium
cervix
narrow end of the uterus that projects into the vagina
Function of bronchioles
narrow passageways to conduct air from bronchi to alveoli
urethral stenosis
narrowed condition of the urethra
Atresia can refer to:
narrowing of the ureters
cervix
neck of the uterus
cervic/o
neck or cervix
blood testosterone is regulated by
negative feedback
name the procedure in which the kidney is sutured
nephorrhaphy
The functional unit of a kidney is a (n)
nephron
What is the fundamental unit of the kidney?
nephron
The outer renal cortex contains the ___________ nephrons, which are the basic filtration unit
nephrons
Phagocytes
neutrophils and monocytes i.e. macrophages, dendritic cell (DC)
mammary papilla
nipple
lymphocytic lymphoma histiocytic lymphoma
non-hodgkin's lymphoma is a disease with malignant cells that resemble large lymphocytes, or large macrophages called histiocytes
sarcoidosis
nonmalignant lesions on the lymph nodes, lungs, spleen, skin, and liver can indicate the presence of sarcoidosis, an inflammatory condition that can affect lung function.
main function of small intestine
nutrient absorption
morbid obesity
obesity that results in associated health problems
parotitis, parotiditis
occurs in the partoid glands
sialoadenitis
occurs in the salivary gland
cheilitis
occurs on the lips
glossitis
occurs on the tongue
autoimmune responses
often result from the body's need to fight an actual infection, during which the immune system becomes overactive
The inability to produce sperm is called _____________________________.
oligospermia
palatine tonsils
on either side of the back of the mouth are rounded masses of lymphatic tissue called the palatine tonsils
Thoracic Duct
one of the major lymphatic vessels which arises from the cistenra chyli and drains the rest of the body
testis, testicle
one of the two male reproductive glands, located in the scrotum, that produce sperm and the hormone testosterone
secondary spermatocytes
one of two cells into which a primary spermatocyte divides, and which in turn gives rise to spermatids
ovary
one of two glands located on each side of the pelvic cavity that produce ova and female sex hormones
seminal vesicle
one of two sac-like structures behind the bladder and connected to the vas deferens on each side; secretes an alkaline substance into the semen to enable the sperm to live longer
Lymphatic Vessels
one-way system that begins with the capillaries
duodenum
only about 10 inches long, in it, chyme mixes with bile to aid in fat digestion; with pancreatic juice to aid in digestive of starch, proteins, and fat, and with intestinal juice to aid in digesting sugars (glucose)
urethral meatus
opening in the urethra to the outside of the body
cervical os
opening of the cervix to the uterus
helper cells
or CD4 cells that stimulate the immune response
cytotoxic cells
or CD8 cells that help in the destruction of infected cells
suppressor cells
or T cells (mainly CD8 and some CD4) that suppress B cells and other immune cells
peritoneoscopy
or laparoscopy is the examination of the abdominal cavity with an instrument called a peritoneoscope or a laproscope
birth control pills
oral contraception containing estrogen and progesterone
spleen
organ of lymph system that filters and stores blood, removes old red blood cells, and activates lymphocytes. the largest lymphatic organ, it is located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity, where unfortunately it can easily be injured and ruptured. in such cases, it must be repaired or removed (its functions are taken over by the lymph nodes, liver, and bone marrow). the function of the spleen is to filter foreign material form the blood, to store blood, to remove damaged or old red blood cells, and to activate lymphocytes that destroy some of the foreign substances filtered from the blood. the spleen is important not only to the lymphatic system, but also to the circulatory system; its associated with the circulatory system is similar to the association of the lymph node to the lymphatic system. the spleen is also a major site for immunoglobulin (antibody) production by B lymphocytes that have differentiated into antibody- producing plasma cells
cortex
outer part of the kidney (cortex = bark)
The mature female egg cell is the
ova
the male gametes are sperm and the female gametes are called
ova (eggs)
the two components of the female reproductive cycle are
ovarian cycle uterine cycle
the primary reproductive organs (gonads) of the female are
ovaries
Identify the combining term oophor(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
ovary
oophor/o, ovari/o
ovary
hypersplenism
overactive spleen
gas transport moves
oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body tissues
what is the hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that stimulate the smooth muscle of the uterus to contract this initiating labor
oxytocin
Dysuria
painful and difficult urination
dyspareunia
painful intercourse (coitus) (dys = painful; para = alongside of; eunia = bed)
dysmenorrhea
painful menstruation
dysuria
painful urination
spermatocele
painless, benign cystic mass containing sperm lying above and posterior to, but separate from, the testicle
bulbourethral glands, Cowper glands
pair of glands below the prostate, with ducts opening into the urethra, that adds a viscid (sticky) fluid to the semen
pancreat(o)
pancreas
inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatitis
the birth process is called
parturition
Polyuria
passage of a large amount of urine in a given time
Micturition
passage of urine; urination
feces, stool
passes from the anal canal into the anus
absorption
passing of digested nutrients into the bloodstream (small intestine)
gamma globulin
passive immunity may also be administered to lessen the change of catching a disease or to lessen the severity of the course of the disease. gamma globulin is a preparation of collected antibodies given to provent or lessen certain diseases, such as hepatitis A, varicella, and rabies
pelv/i
pelvis (basin); hip bone
Identify the combining term balan(o) term with its closest definition ____________________.
penis
the enzyme that begins protein digestion
pepsin
peristalsis (hyphens)
peri-stalsis
Prior to menopause, estrogen levels start to decrease during ____________________.
perimenopause
the three layers of the uterus from outermost to innermost are
perimetrium myometrium endometrium
Kegel exercises can strengthen ____________________ muscles.
perineal
Identify the combining term perine(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
perineum
The area between the penis and anus is called the ____________________.
perineum
The space between the labia majora and the anus is called the ____________________.
perineum
perine/o
perineum
The motions that help move the food along the alimentary canal are called
peristalsis
The movement of food through the alimentary canal is referred to as
peristalsis
Dialysis done outside the body is ____________________.
peritoneal dialysis
genitals
pertaining to the genitalia (internal and external organs of reproduction)
phagocytes
phagocytes remove foreign particles from the body by the processes of phagocytosis, the internalization or "eating" of the particles and the digestion of the particles for presentation to the appropriate cells of the immune system. the immune response is divided into two kinds: the cellular response and the humoral or immunoglobulin (antibody) response.
Pharyng(o)
pharynx
pharyng(o)
pharynx
orgasm
physical and emotional climax during sexual intercourse; results in ejaculation on the male
Urinalysis
physical, chemical, or microscopic examination of urine
artificial insemination
placement of sperm in the vagina so that fertilization followed by pregnancy might occur
ureteropelvic junction
point of connection between the renal pelvis and the ureter
Frequent urination is:
polyuria
hydronephrosis
pooling of urine in dilated areas of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys caused by an obstructed outflow of urine
from the villi the simple sugars are carried to the liver by the
portal vein
antigens
portions of bacteria, viruses, molds, parasites, and cancer cells that cause specific responses from the immune system
tox(o), toxi, toxico
posion
soft palate
posterior part of the palate
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), cervical dysplasia
potentially cancerous abnormality of epithelial tissue of the cervix, graded according to the extent of abnormal cell formation: CIN-1 = mild dysplasia, CIN-2 = moderate dysplasia, CIN-3 = severe dysplasia
scrotum
pouch of skin that encloses the testes
cystocele
pouching of the bladder into the vagina
rectocele
pouching of the rectum into the vagina
urethrocele
pouching of the urethra into the vagina
enterocele
pouching sac of peritoneum between the vagina and the rectum
Gestation is the period of
pregnancy
Circumcision is the removal of the
prepuce
nephrolithiasis
presence of a renal stone or stones
albuminuria, proteinuria
presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise
bacteriuria
presence of bacteria in the urine
Hematuria
presence of blood in the urine
hematuria
presence of blood in the urine
ketonuria
presence of ketone bodies in the urine
polythelia, supernumerary nipples
presence of more than one nipple on a breast
polymastia
presence of more than two breasts
Glycosuria
presence of sugar in urine
pyuria
presence of white blood cells in the urine, usually indicating infection
Autoregulation
prevents minor changes in the systemic blood pressure from affecting the filtration rate (the body can override autoregulation if needed)
in vitro fertilization IVF
process of achieving pregnancy in which eggs retrieved from an ovary are fertilized in a laboratory; viable embryos are then placed into the woman's uterus
kidneys
produce hormones; bean-shaped; surrounded by layer of fat; covered by tough outer membrane; composed of millions of nephrons
antibodies
produced by white blood cells; special proteins that recognize foreign materials and neutralize them.
White blood cells
produced in red bone marrow
oogenesis
production of eggs in females by the process of meiosis and maturation
the hormone involved in breast-feeding's function is to stimulate the smooth muscles within the breast contract is
progesterone
which hormone involved in breast-feeding is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland
progesterone
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
prostat/o
prostate
Identify the combing term prostat(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
prostate gland
what is the blood test for the detection of prostate cancer
prostate specific antigen
The prostate gland secretes ____________________.
prostatic flui
The prostate gland secretes ____________________.
prostatic fluid
albumin/o
protein
Gramzymes
protein digesting enzymes that induce target cell to undergo apoptosis
what is the respiratory epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PCCE)
py/o
pus
Pyuria
puss in the urine
The narrow bottom part of the stomach is the
pylorus
pylorospasm is involuntary contraction of the
pylorus
The presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection is ____________________.
pyuria
pus in the urine is
pyuria
qns
quantity not sufficient
genital warts
raised growth on the genitals due to a sexually transmitted disease caused by human papillomavirus
located in lower GI tract
rectum
rect(o)
rectum
the distal end of the sigmoid colon joins with the
rectum
inflammation
redness, swelling, pain, and heat: a response by the immune system to indicate something is wrong and tissue is damaged
fat molecules
reduced to fatty acids
complex sugars
reduced to glucose & other simple sugars
backflow
reflux
perineum
region between the vulva and anus
kidney transplants
relatively common; are highly successful transplant operations, with almost 80 percent patient and organ survival rate after one year
pelvic floor relaxation
relaxation of supportive ligaments of the pelvic organs
histamine
released by damaged tissue and mast cells and causes capillaries to dilate and become more permeable
lymph node dissection
removal of cancerous lymph nodes for microscopic examination
gastrectomy
removal of some of the stomach
pancreatectomy
removal of the pancreas usually only in cases with malignancy
circumcision
removal of the prepuce (foreskin) of the penis
glossectomy
removal of the tongue
gastric resection, gastric bypass
removes a portion of the stomach to limit overeating as a treatment for obesity
urinary system
removes acidic and basic substances from the fluid and literally flushes them out
Renal Hilum
renal arteries bring blood into the kidneys to be filtered, once filtered blood leaves the kidneys via the renal vein; ureter is attached to the hilum
Blood enters the kidney through the:
renal artery
A pyelotomy is an incision into the
renal pelvis
Identify the combining form pyel(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
renal pelvis
pyel/o
renal pelvis (basin)
proctoplasty
repair of the rectum and anus
urinary retention
retention of urine resulting from an inability to void (urinate) naturally because of spasm or obstruction
A vasovasostomy is performed to
reverse a vasectomy
right uterine appendage
right tube and ovary
hard palate
roof of mouth
palatine tonsils
rounded masses of lymphatic tissue on either side of the back of the mouth
urinary bladder
sac that holds the urine
The patient has been diagnosed with sialadenitis. The medical assistant recognizes this is an inflammation of the ____________________ glands.
salivary
saliv(o)
salivary glands
Accessory organs
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
pap smear
sample of cells removed from the tip of the cervix and then stained and examined microscopically
oligomenorrhea
scanty menstrual period
oligospermia
scanty production and expulsion of sperm
oliguria
scanty production of urine
pelvic adhesions
scarring of tissue within the pelvic cavity resulting from endometriosis, infection, or injury
bilirubin
secreted by the liver, a bile pigment that is combined with bile and excreted into the duodenum
azoospermia
semen without living spermatozoa; a sign of infertility in a male (zoo = life)
order the three glands at various secretions to sperm for form semen
seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbouretheal gland
where within the testes is sperm formed
seminferous
Definition of Olfaction
sense of smell
lips
sense the food
lips
sense the food that is about to enter the mouth
Dialysis
separating particles from a fluid by filtration through a semipermeable membrane
what is the name of the sales that nourish and protect the development
sertoli cells (nurse cells)
external genitals
sex organs that occur outside the body
genital herpes
sexually transmitted disease caused by herpes simplex virus and sometimes accompanied by painful ulcers on the genitals
chlamydia
sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis; often causes painful urination and swelling of the testes in men; is usually symptomless in women but can cause inflammation of the cervix and uterine tubes
gonorrhea
sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium neisseria gonorrhoeae that causes painful urination and swollen testes in men and is usually symptomless in women, but can cause inflammation of the cervix and uterine tubes
syphilis
sexually transmitted infection caused by a spirochete and which may involve any organ or tissue over time; usually manifests first on the skin, with the appearance of small, painless, red papules that erode and form bloodless ulcers called chancers
diaphragm
sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity; also, birth control device inserted in front of the cervix in females
sigmoid(o)
sigmoid colon
urethra
single canal that carries urine to the outside of the body
nephron
site of blood filtration; responsible for filtering a portion of the blood that passes through the kidney.
pus
site of phagocytosis because of an infection: consists of dead tissue, dead bacteria, and living WBCs
scrotum
skin-covered pouch in the groin divided into two sacs, each containing a testis and epididymis
The cecum is part of the
small intestine
The longest intestine is the
small intestine
Lymph nodes
small masses of tissue located along the network of lymph vessels, which filter out germs (viruses, bacteria, and fungi) and activate the immune system
anal fistula
small opening in the anal canal that allows waste matter to leak into the abdominal cavity
diverticula
small pouches in the intestinal wall
papilla (papillae)
small raised areas that contain the taste buds (cells that provide the sensation of taste)
glomerulus
small, ball-shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron
clitoris
small, erectile, female organ located in the vulva; homologous to the penis
polar body
small, nonfunctional cell that is a product of meiosis in the female
lymph nodes
small, ovoid structures, occur along lymphatic vessels: found in large groupings: axillary, cervical, and inguinal
thymus gland
soft gland with two lobes that is involved in immune responses; located in mediastinum. it is large during infancy and early childhood when immunity is most crucial, but gradually shrinks until it becomes connective tissue in adulthood (when the body has acquired other types of immunities).
intrauterine device IUD
solid object placed in the uterine cavity for purposes of contraception
who makes surfactant?
some alveolar cells
vestibule
space or cavity at the entrance of a canal, such as the cavity that lies between the semicircular canals and the cochlea
lymphatic sinuses
spaces between lymphatic tissues that contain macrophages on a network of fibers.
lacteals
special lymphatic capillaries found in the small intestines
lymph node
specialized organ that filters harmful substances from the tissues and assists in the immune response. the lymph passes through many lymph nodes filtering so that it is ready for transferring back to the vascular system. by the time the fluid reaches the thoracic cavity, it has been filtered many times. the lymph nodes contain special cells (macrophages) that devour foreign substances. lymph nodes become swollen with lymphocytes (lymph cells) and macrophages. lymph nodes are located throughout the body except in the central nervous system. they are quite numerous near the joints of the body. the major groups of lymph nodes are located in the throat (the tonsils and adenoids are actually lymph tissue), neck, axilla (armpit), mediastinum, and groin
T cells (T lymphocytes)
specialized white blood cells that receive markers in the thymus, are responsible for cellular immunity, and assist with humoral immunity
sp gr
specific gravity
Identify the combining term sperm(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
sperm
sperm/o, spermat/o
sperm (seed)
semen
sperm-containing secretion of males; seminal fluid plus sperm
sperm is produced in a process termed
spermatogenesis
splen(o)
spleen
secondary lymphatic organs
spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils
puberty
stage of development in which the reproductive organs become functional
glycogen
starch
syphilis
std caused by the bacterium treponema pallidum characterized by a painless chancre on the penis or cervix; if untreated, can lead to cardiac and central nervous system disorders
renal tubule
stem portion of the nephron
Erythroprotein
stimulates production of new red blood cells
A gastroscopy is a procedure for examining the
stomach
The cardiac sphincter prevents reflux into the
stomach
gastr(o)
stomach
structure connects the esophagus to the duodenum
stomach
Gastralgia
stomachache
lith/o
stone
follicles
structure in the ovary that lroduces the egg and particularly the female sex hormone estrogen
corpus luteum
structure that forms from the tissues of a ruptured ovarian follicle and functions to secrete female hormones
Valves
structures that promote a one way flow system through lymphatic vessels
Filtrate
substance that passes through
autoimmune disease
such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and scleroderma, results from the proliferation of T cells that react as though they were fighting a virus, but are actually destroying healthy cells
glucose
sugar
A urostomy is the
surgical opening into the abdomen to drain urine.
anastomosis (anastomoses)
surgical union of two hollow tubes, is sometimes used to bypass parts of the intestines, as in the case of removal of section of the intestines
Capsule
surrounds each lymph node
Deglutition
swallowing
deglutition
swallowing
lymphadenopathy
swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) can also indicate the presence of infectious mononucleosis
dent(o), odont(o)
teeth
menopause
termination of the menstrual cycle in older women
Sperms are produced in the
testes
the primary reproductive organs also called gonads males are
testes
nonseminoma
testicular tumor arising from more mature germ cells; these tumors have a tendency to be more aggressive than seminomas and often develop earlier in life; includes choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, and yolk sac tumors
orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, test/o
testis or testicle
The most important male sex hormone is ____________________.
testosterone
what is the most important male sex hormone
testosterone
what two hormones stimulate spermatogenesis
testosterone follicle-stimulating hormone
antibodies
the B cells are responsible for the production of antibodies (also called immunnoglobulins), i.e., the humoral response
macrophages microphages
the RES and phagocytic systems provide and phagocytes of the tissue and the phagocytes of blood that are called macrophages and micophages
interferons interleukins
the T cells respond to antigens by multiplying rapidly and producing proteins called lymphokines (for example, interferons and interleukins) that have antiviral properties or properties that affect the actions of other cells in the body. T cells also produce substances to stimulate B cells to differentiate into plasma cells and to produce antibodies
ascites, peritonitis
the abdominal and peritoneal regions surrounding the intestinal tract can be filled with fluid (ascites) or inflamed (peritonitis)
immunity
the ability to react to antigens so that the body remains free of disease
Calcitriol
the active form of vitamin D -helps maintain blood calcium levels
anus
the alimentary canal is a tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
defecation
the anus and anal canal open during the release of feces from the body (defecation)
hemorrhoids
the anus may be the site of hemorrhoids, swollen, twisted veins that can cause great discomfort
gallbladder
the bile released from the liver to the hepatic duct is then released into the cystic duct, which brings the substance into the gallbladder
acquired active immunity
the body develops acquired active immunity either by having a disease and producing natural antibodies to it or by being vaccinated against the disease
immunity
the body has specific defense of the immune system called immune that provide resistance to particular pathogens
emulsification
the breaking down of fats
embryo
the developing organism from fertilization to the end of the eighth week
fetus
the developing organism from the ninth week to birth
lipase
the digestive fluid is called pancreatic juice, which includes various enzymes such as amylase and lipase
duodenal ulcers
the duodenum can be the site of duodenal ulcers. there are a type of peptic ulcer and are thought to be bacterial (H. pylori) in origin
pepsin
the enxyme pepsin in the gastric juice begins protein digestion
internal respiration is
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the body tissues
external respiration is
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood
What is the nose
the external portion (which is made up of bone, cartilage, skin, muscle, and mucous membranes)
achalasia
the failure of the same esophageal sphincter to relax during swallowing and allow food to pass easily form the esophagus into the stomach to continue the digestive process
glomerular filtration
the first step of urine formation; water, nitrogenous wastes, nutrients, and salts are all forced from the blood at this point
gallstones
the gallbladder can be the site of calculi (gallstones or cholelithiasis) the block of bile from leaving the gallbladder
spleen
the largest lymphatic organ, the spleen, is located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity, where unfortunately it can easily be injured and ruptured
lymphocytes
the leukocytes include lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes (polymorphonucleated cells or PMN)
lymph
the lymphatic pathways are the vessels that transport lymph (the fluid of the lymphatic system) around the body
body
the middle portion of the cardiac region
gums
the mouth also contains the gums, the fleshy sockets that hold the teeth
mucus escalator
the movement of mucus in the lower respiratory system
chyme
the muscular movements of the stomach and the mixing of foods with gastric juice forms a semifluid mass called chyme
pylorus
the narrowed bottom part of the stomach has the powerful, circular muscle at its base, the pyloric sphincter
digestion
the process of breaking down foods into nutrients
What determines if Hb binds to O2 or releases O2?
the relative concentration (=partial pressure) of Oxygen (Po2) within the blood compared to outside the blood -- for example (external respiration): Po2 in the air in the lungs = 100 mm Hg Po2 in the blood arriving at the lungs = 40 mm Hg --So at the lungs, O2 moves from the air in the lungs into the blood and binds to Hb
appendectomy
the removal of a diseased appendix that is in danger of rupturing
colectomy
the removal of some or all of the colon
cholecysterctomy
the removal of the gallbladder, particularly one that is constantly inflamed and susceptible to painful bouts of gallstones
rugae
the ridges of mucous membranes called rugae on the hard palate
hard palate
the roof of the mouth is formed by the hard palate, the hard anterior part of the palate with irregular ridges of mucous membranes
mons pubis
the rounded, fleshy prominence over the pubic symphysis
cell-mediated immunity
the second type of acquired active immunity, or cell-mediated immunity, is provided by the action of T cells.
red bone marrow
the site of stem cells that are ever capable of dividing and producing blood cells. some become various types of white blood cells.
villi (villus)
the small intestine is lined with villi, tiny, one-cell-thick fingerlike projections with capillaries through which digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream and lymphatic system
bronchioles are
the smallest branches of bronchi
soft palate
the soft posterior part of the palate
vaccine
the substance that provokes an immune response from an organism is called a vaccine
glottis
the superior opening to the larynx
salivary glands
the three sets of salivary glands surrounds the oral cavity and secretes saliva
pharynx
the throat
T lymphocytes T cells B lymphocytes B cells
the thymus gland contain a high number of T lymphocytes or T cells and a decreased number of T cells and a decreased number of B lymphocytes or B cells.
thymus gland
the thymus gland is a two-lobed, soft gland located in the thoracic cavity
frenulum
the tongue is connected to the floor of the mouth by mucous membrane called a frenulum
Bronchi
the trachea divides into 2 primary bronchi (one for each lung)
fundus
the upper rounded portion of the stomach
cellular respiration is
the use of oxygen and glucose by cells to product ATP, CO2, H2O and heat
lymphatic pathways
the vessels that transport lymph (the fluid of the lymphatic system) around the body. the smallest parts of these pathways are the microscopic capillaries located in the capillary beds of the body. the capillary beds are thin-walled vessels that receives fluid and debris from the bloodstream. once inside the beds, the fluid is known as lymph. the lymph travels throughout the lymphatic vessels in one direction only- back toward the heat. Lymphatic vessels contain valves that prevent backflow of lymph. as the vessels approach the heart, they carry more fluid and are larger in size.
peristalis
the wall of the alimentary canal has four layers that aid in the peristalsis of food that passes through it
cheeks
the wall of the oral cavity
What are Nasal conchae (turbinates)
these are ridges that stir up incoming air and increase the surface area for warming, moistening, filtering and smelling
thinner vocal cords (like children, females, and prepubescent males)
these make for higher pitch
What is in the lungs?
they are filled with bronchi, bronchiles, and alveoli
bronchi support
they are supported by cartilage and have little smooth muscle
tissues of alveoli
they have walls that are made of simple squamous epithelium
what do the cilia in PCCE do?
they move mucus and trapped particles toward the pharynx for swallowing and destruction in the stomach
what surrounds the lungs?
they're surrounded by a double-layered sac called the pleura
atrophic vaginitis
thinning of the vagina and loss of moisture because of depletion of estrogen, which causes inflammation of tissue
epiglottis
this is an elastic cartilage plate that closes off the glottis during swallowing
thym(o)
thmus
dips/o
thrist
pharynx
throat - both food and air share this passage
Removal of the thymus is a _______________.
thymectomy
Identify the combining term thym(o) with its closest definition ____________.
thymus
primary lymphatic organs
thymus and red bone marrow
efferent
to carry away from
afferent
to carry toward
Void
to empty, urinate, or defecate
Function of the bronchial tree
to rapidly conduct and spread the incoming air from each breath to the respiratory exchange surfaces (alveoli)
gloss(o), lingu(o)
tongue
gloosorrhapy
tongue suturing
Bowman capsule
top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus
secondary sex characteristics
trait that is sometimes helpful but not absolutely necessary for reproduction and is maintained by the sex hormones in males and females
Identify the combining form trigon(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
trigone
prostate gland
trilobular gland that encircles the urethra just below the bladder and secretes an alkaline fluid into the semen (pro = before; stat = to stand)
The ovaries release eggs into the uterine ____________________.
tube
vas deferens
tube connecting the epididymis to the urethra, sperm duct
ureter
tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
uterine tubes
tube that extends from the uterus on each side toward an ovary and transports sex cells; also called fallopian tube or oviduct
urethra
tube that takes urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
ejaculatory duct
tube, formed by the joining of the vas deferens and the tube from the seminal vesicle, transports sperm the the urethra
uterine tubes, fallopian tubes
tubes extending from each side of the uterus toward the ovary that provide a passage for the ova to the uterus
vagina
tubular passageway from the cervix to the outside of the body
mammary glands
two glands in the female breasts that are capable of producing milk
Bartholin glands
two glands located on either side of the vaginal opening that secrete a lubricant during intercourse
laboa majora
two large, hairy folds of skin of the female external genitalia
labia minora
two small folds of skin inside the labia majora and encircling the clitoris
kidneys
two structures located on each side of the lumbar region that filter blood and secrete impurities, forming urine
meiosis
type of cell devision in which the daughter cells have 23 chromosomes; occurs during spermatogenesis and ogenesis
A hydrocele is a (n)
type of hernia
cryptorchism, cryptorchidism
undescended testicle, or failure of a testis to descend into the scrotal sac during fetal development; the testis most often remains lodged in the abdomen or inguinal canal, requiring surgical repair (crypt = to hide)
hypomastia, micromastia
unusually small breasts
fundus
upper portion of the uterus above the entry to the uterine tubes
Excess urea in the blood is ____________________.
uremia
identify the combining form ureter(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
ureter
ureter/o
ureter
Identify the combining form urethr(o) with its closest definition
urethra
urethr/o
urethra
U/A
urinalysis
An indwelling catheter aids in ____________________.
urination
nocturia
urination at night
Identify the combining form ur(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
urine
ur/o, urin/o
urine
A specialist in diseases of the lower urinary tract, bladder and urethra, is called a ____________________.
urologist
The creation of a surgical opening in the abdomen through which urine exits the body is a (n) ____________________.
urostomy
salping/o
uterine (fallopian) tube; also, eustachian tube
the fallopian tubes are also known as
uterine tubes
adnexa
uterine tubes and ovaries (uterine appendages)
Surgical repair of the uterus is: ____________________.
uterosplasty
20. dentify the combining term hyster(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
uterus
Identify the combining term hyster(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
uterus
Identify the combining term metr(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
uterus
hyster/o, metr/o, uter/o
uterus
Identify the combining term colp(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
vagina
colp/o, vagin/o
vagina (sheath)
placenta
vascular organ that develops in the uterine wall during pregnancy to provide nourishment for the fetus (placenta = cake)
vas/o
vessel
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), permitting various opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases; contracted through exposure to contaminated blood or body fluid (e. g., semen or vaginal secretions)
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which permits various opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases; contracted through exposure to contaminated blood or body fluid (e. g., semen or vaginal secretions)
hepatitis B virus (HBV)
virus that causes an inflammation of the liver; transmitted through any body fluid, including vaginal secretions, semen, and blood
hepatitis B virus (HBV)
virus that causes inflammation of the liver; transmitted through any body fluid, including vaginal secretions, semen, and blood
herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)
virus that causes ulcer-like lesions of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa; after initial infection, the virus lies dormant in the nerve cell root and may recur at times of stress
herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)
virus that causes ulcer-like lesions of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa; after the initial infection, the virus lies dormant in the nerve cell root and may recur at times of stress
human papilloma virus (HPV)
virus transmitted by direct sexual contact that causes an infection that can occur on the skin or mucous membranes of the genitals
human papilloma virus (HPV)
virus transmitted by direct sexual contact; infection can manifest on the skin or mucous membranes of the genitals
emesis, regurgitation
vomiting
emesis/regurgitation
vomiting
hematemesis
vomiting of bright red blood
Identify the combining term episi(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
vulva
episi/o, vulv/o
vulva (covering)
cheeks
walls of the oral cavity
urea
waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine
creatinine
waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine
blood filtration
wastes are removed and necessary ions and nutrients are returned to the circulatory system
main function of large intestine
water and food resbsorption
pathogens
when disease-causing agents, pathogens, try to enter the body, they are often stopped by the skin, the cilia in the nostrils, and by various mucous membranes- all of which are mechanical barriers to intrusion
jaundice, icterus
when excessive bilirubin in the blood
whispering
when there is not enough air pressure/velocity to vibrate the cords, so pitch modification is not possible
Renal Cortex
where blood is filtered
corpus albicans
white, fibrous tissue that replaces regressing corpus luteum in the ovary in the latter half of pregnancy
gynec/o
woman
uterus
womb; a pear-shaped organ in the pelvic cavity in which the embryo and fetus develops
Spleen
works as part of the lymphatic system to protect the body, clearing worn-out red blood cells and other foreign bodies from the bloodstream to help fight off infection. Serves also as a limited reservoir for blood.
a fertilized egg, or for sale of human being is called a
zygot
CO2 as bicarbonate ions
~70% of the total H2O + CO2 <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3
Macrophages, Type III
"Cleanup" cells, ingest foreign particles
Palatine tonsils
"Guardians" for immune system located at oral entrance
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alimentary canal
-a tube that extends from the mouth to the anus -has 4 layers that aid in peristalsis of food that passes through it
stomach has 4 regions
-cardiac region -fundus -body -sphincter
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
...
spermatogenesis
...sperm production in males by the process of meiosis and maturation
Structure
1 bladder
Structure
1 urethra
Test 4) Matching 1. Exercise Physiology 2. Occupational Therapy 3. Physical Education (EX - 12) 4. Physical Therapy 5. Recreation Therapy A. ACSM B. AOTA C. APTA D. NCTRC E. SHAPE
1. A. ACSM 2. B. AOTA 3. E. SHAPE 4. C. APTA 5. D. NCTRC
Anatomy of sound production
1. During quiet breathing, the vocal cords are near the sides of the larynx, and the glottis is open. 2. during speech, the vocal cords are stretched over the glottis and vibrate as air passes through them, producing the voice.
Components of upper respiratory system
1. Sinuses 2. Nasal cavity 3. Pharynx
Function of larynx
1. allow air to pass from the pharynx to the trachea 2. prevents food and drink from entering lower respiratory system 3. voice production via the vocal cords
medulla oblongata in neural controls
1. breathing center 2. responds to input from chemoreceptors-- higher CO2 (primarily) or lower O2 (secondarily) cause higher breathing rate
CO2 bound to Hb
1. carbaminohemoglobin 2. ~23% of the total 3. CO2 binds to the amino acids on the GLOBIN (NOT on to the heme) part of Hb
example of respiratory disorder: emphysema
1. caused most often by chronic smoking 2. the breakdown of alveolar walls causes lower alveolar surface area, lower gas exchange, lower lung elasticity, higher residual volume ("dead air") in the lungs, difficulty exhaling, shallow breathing, shortness of breath, and "barrel chest"
Function of sinus
1. cavities in skull 2. lighten head 3. warm and moisten air
Control of breathing - Neural controls
1. cerebral cortex 2. medulla oblongata
Lower respiratory system: Trachea Function
1. connects larynx with bronchi leading to each lung 2. conducts air to/from bronchi
Quiet breathing-- Inhalation (Inspiration)
1. diaghragm contracts, flattens and moves inferiorly (down) 2. the external intercostals contract and pull the ribs up and out 3. the volume of the chest cavity increases, so the volume of the lungs increases 4. the pressure within the lungs decreases below atmospheric (outside the body) pressure 5. air enters the lungs (moving from higher to lower pressure)
How carbon dioxide is transported
1. dissolved in plasma 2. bound to Hb 3. as bicarbonate ions
components of lower respiratory system
1. epiglottis 2. larynx 3. lungs 4. trachea 5. bronchi 6. bronchioles 7. aveoli
Breathing
1. gases (such as air) flow/move along pressure gradients (from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure) 2. For gases, pressure is related to volume by Boyle's law (Pressure = 1/Volume). a. pressure is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to volume b. if a container of gas increases in volume, the pressure of gas inside the container decreases, and vice versa 3. So to get air to move in and out of the lungs, you need to change the volume of the lungs
types of respiratory muscles
1. intercostal muscles 2. diaphragm
Control of breathing - Chemical controls
1. medulla oblongata 2. carotid bodies 3. aortic bodies
outgoing sound (the voice) is modified by
1. muscles of the tongue, face, and lips 2. hollow resonating chambers (the pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses) that affect the tone/timbre of the voice
3 regions of pharynx
1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharnyx
physiology of sound production
1. pitch (frequency) 2. Loudness (volume)
the cartilage rings in the trachea do this
1. prevent the collapse of the trachea during inhalation 2. allow the expansion of the esophagus during swallowing
function of Nasal Cavity
1. produces mucus 2. filters, warms, & moistens air 3. olfaction
Overview of respiration physiology
1. pulmonary ventilation (breathing) 2. external respiration 3. gas transport 4. internal respiration 5. cellular respiration
what does pleural fluid do?
1. reduces friction between the layers during breathing 2. cause the layers to adhere to one another, preventing the complete collapse of the lungs upon exhalation
each bronchus have these
1. secondary bronchi 2. tertiary bronchi 3. etc.
Lower respiratory system: Lungs Function
1. structures that contain alveoli and air passageways 2. allow exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between atmosphere and blood
Quiet breathing-- Exhalation (expiration)
1. the diaphragm and internal intercostals relax 2. there is elastic recoil of the alveoli within the lungs 3. the volumes of the chest cavity and lungs decrease passively 4. the pressure in the lungs increases above atmospheric pressure 5. air leaves the lungs (moving from higher to lower pressure)
Oropharynx
1. this is respiratory and digestive 2. it's lined by stratified squamous epithelium 3. it contains palatine and lingual tonsils
Nasopharynx
1. this is respiratory only 2. it's lined by PCCE 3. it contains pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) and openings to the auditory (Eustachian) tubes
Laryngopharynx
1. this is the respiratory and digestive 2. it's lined by stratified squamous epithelium
General functions of Respiratory system
1. to provide a surface area for the exchange of O2 & CO2 between the air and blood 2. Breathing (pulmonary ventilation) = moving air in and out of the lungs 3. protection of respiratory surfaces (from dehydration, extreme temperature changes, pathogens, etc) 4. Sound production for speaking, etc. 5. To provide a location for the sensation of smell (=olfaction)
Components of respiratory system
1. upper respiratory system 2. respiratory muscles 3. lower respiratory system
Function of nose & nasal cavity
1. warm & moisten incoming air-- due to the nose's rich blood supply and mucus production 2. Filter incoming air-- via nose, hairs, mucus, & cilia 3. Smell (olfaction) in the upper nasal cavity only
CO2 dissolved in plasma
1. ~7% of the total 2. CO2 has relatively high solubility in water compared to O2
Structure
2 kidneys
Structure
2 ureters
Complement
20 proteins found in plasma. A group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form and are activated by contact with nonspecific antigens such as foreign blood cells or bacteria Amplify inflammatory response.
% of Oxygen (O2) in atmosphere
20.95
meisis results in for new sales each with _________ chromosomes (half normal number)
23
Number of types of cells in the alveloi
3
salivary glands
3 sets surrounding the oral cavity secrete saliva
Average number of alveoli in adult lung
300-600 million
The normal pH range of urine is:
5-9
% of Nitrigen (N2) in atmosphere
78.08
Urine
95% water, 5% waste
Identify the combining term mamm(o) with its closest definition ____________________.
: breast
Surgical enlargement of the meatus is a (n) ____________________
: meatotomy
11. What step of career planning utilizes gathering information from the Bureau of Labor and Statistics (www.bls.gov)? A. carrer exploration B. Career engagement C.. Job search D. Self-Assessment
A
Tuberculosis (TB)
A bacterial infection, thrives in high oxygen areas such as lungs, can remain dormant for years
Thymus
A bilobed organ that secretes hormones that cause T lymphocytes to become immunocompetent. Atrophies with age
Chemical Mediators
A chemical released in the body during an inflammatory response or immune response. Promotes phagocytosis and inflammation
Pneumothorax
A condition in which there is air inside the thoracic cavity and outside the lungs
Atelectasis
A condition where the air sacs of the lungs are either partially or totally collapsed, commonly found in hospital setting
