Chapter 13 Anatomy
how does a nonsteroid hormone effect change in a target cell?
by causing synthesis of a second messenger
the opposing role of the thyroid and parathyroid hormones maintain the balance of calcium and phosphate ions in the blood. What will happen if the parathyroid gland develops a defect that prevents PTH secreations.
the amount of calcium ions and phosphate ions in the blood will decrease
which control pathway was responsible for the adrenaline release Goldilocks experienced when she woke up surrounded by three bears?
the nervous system directly stimulated an endocrine gland
an upregulated cell has an increase in_____
the number of receptors available for binding
what is another name for antidiuretic hormone?
vasopressin
Diane has type 1 diabetes mellitus. which of the following describes physiological effect she that might develop?
fatty acids and ketone bodies will accumulate in her blood of she forgets/refuses her treatment.
jerry drinks a few beers and soon has to urinate. what effect did alcohol have on the hormonal control of urination?
it inhibited secretion of ADH
growth hormones signals the release of IGF-1 from the___.
liver
a hormone with an effect that lasts for days would have a_____.
long half-life
compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system____.
may have a longer lasting effect
what hormone is produced in response to the absence of light in the environment and is associated with circadian rhythms?
melatonin
what hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?
melatonin
a hormone is a___and the target cell is____.
molecules that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones
in addition to drop in blood calcium concentration, identify another symptom of hypoparathyroidism.
muscle cramps
what controls most hormone concentrations?
negative feedback
ADH and oxytocin are secreted by_____.
neurosecretory cells
which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
pancreases
During early embryonic development, a protein called sonic hedgehog is released from a cell and travels in a small gradient through the interstitial fluid only to nearby cells. This helps to establish the path and direction of development for the nervous system and limbs. Knowing this, sonic hedgehog must be a(n) __________ signal.
paracrine
secretion that affect only nearby cells are termed____.
paracrine
which of the following is a result to stress?
blood pressure
a hormone has a half-life of 20 minutes. After an hour,____percent of the original number of molecule remains.
12.5
what stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex?
adrenocorticotropic hormone
Diabetes insipidus is caused by______.
ADH deficiency
the use of erythropietin (EPO) is banned for use by Olypmic and professional ahtletes. why would an athlete what to take EPO?
EPO increase the number of red blood cells
what is a common symptom of Graves' Disease?
Goiter
Growth hormones stimulates the release of____.
IGF-1
how do the hormones T3 and T4 differ?
T4 is converted to T3 in peripheral tissues
nonsteroid hormones cause____in their target cells.
activation of adenylate cyclase
hyposecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex leads to____.
addison disease
what is the cause infantile hypothyroidism?
a deficiency of thyroid hormones at birth
what is the cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
a disorder of the immune system
Along with insulin, amylin is a hormone that a diabetic pancreas fails to produce. It is comprised of a long chain of amino acids. It cannot cross the cell membrane, so it binds to a receptor on the cell surface to elicit an action. Which hormone class is amylin?
a protein hormone
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
a tumor
Graves' disease, the most common form of hyperthyroidism, is caused by_____.
an autoimmune disorder
what is a cause of Type 2 diabetes mellitus?
an insensitivity of cells to insulin
where are the target cells for hypothalamic releasing hormones located?
anterior pituitary gland
where is the thyroid gland located?
anterior to the trachea
what do nerve fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary glands secrete?
antidiuretic hormone
where is the pineal gland located?
attached to the thalamus
Molecules that are produced within one tissue that then regulates another tissue within the same organ are called______seecretions.
autocrine
a 78-year-old male takes human growth hormone supplements to regain the strength of his youth. Why might he be disappointment with the results?
because GH decreases fat and increases muscle mass, but does not improve strength.
how can a hormone have effects on some cells but not on other cells?
because target cell receptors are unique for each hormone
what primarily controls the secretion of parathyroid hormone?
blood calcium concentration
what hormone stimulates calcium deposition into bone?
calcitonin
in response to high blood calcium levels, the thyroid gland releases a hormone that works to lower blood calcium. This is an example of which endocrine control method?
changing plasma levels of a substance stimulate a gland directly
Kristin discovers a lump in her neck. Upon examination, her physician determines its a tumor of the thyroid and performs a complete removal. which of the following is a hormone Kristin will need to be supplemented with?
cholecalciferol
a night-shift worker experiences extreme difficulty falling asleep due to being exposed to bright lights during both night and day. the unusual pattern of light exposure disturbing their_____, which is controlled by the hormone_____.
circadian rhythm; melatonin
what is the primary control for the secretion of parathyroid hormone?
concentration of blood calcium
aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to_____.
conserve sodium and excrete potassium
why is cortisol useful in controlling inflammatory reactions?
cortisol decreased the permeability of capillaries
what is the action of insulin?
decrease concentration of blood glucose
with age, levels of GH______and levels of ADH_______.
decrease; increase
what is a result of Addison disease?
decreased blood sodium levels
when comparing the nervous system to the endocrine system, which of the following applies to the endocrine system?
endocrine system has more widespread and long-lasting effects
what is an action of growth hormone?
enhances the movement of amino acids into cells
which of the following hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine
Estradiol is a type of estrogen whose hormone effects promote female sex characteristics. Its structure consists of various carbon-hydrogen rings and it is a lipid, but not a prostaglandin. Knowing the structure, how would you expect this hormone to cause a response in a target cell?
estradiol will enter the target cell and bind to an intracellular receptor, causing a change in gene expression.
a sweat gland is an example of a(n)_________gland.
exocrine gland
how do exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands?
exocrine glands secrete through ducts or tubes to a free surface
a female patient i experiencing a hormonal imbalance that results in low estrogen production, causing her to skip menstrual periods and not to ovulate. which of the following is most likely the imbalanced hormone?
follicle-stimulating hormone
when comparing levels of ACTH in the blood, ACTH levels during times of stress would be____during times of relaxation.
higher than
dave has diabetes mellitus. if untreated, which of the following describes how the disease affects his bodily fluids?
his urine has high osmotic pressure
What are tropic hormones?
hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
Maxwell has a very high metabolic rate, is skinny, and has protruding eyes. These are symptoms of what condition?
hyperthyroidism
dopamine, released from the_____, inhibitors secretion of prolactin.
hypothalamus
where are hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary synthesized?
hypothalamus
what is the effect of a steroid hormone binding to a receptor in a target cell?
in directly causes protein synthesis
concentration of growth hormone is not constant throughout life. when do fluctuations in blood levels occur?
increased at puberty and levels off afteradolescence
what is the action of glucagon?
increased blood glucose concentration
As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine_____and blood concentrations of cortisol_____.
increases;increases
melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which regulates the formation of melanin, is produced by the _____.
intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland
what does "exocrine" mean?
internal secretion
chose an example that demonstrated a positive feedback loop of hormonal control.
pressure receptors sense the movement of a baby against and through the cervix during labor. the stimulate the hypothalamus to release a hormone that causes uterine contractions. this causes more pressure receptor stimulation, leading to larger releases of the hormone and stronger, more frequent contractions. hormone release ceases after pressure sensations cease.
which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for it secretion?
prolactin
what causes upregulation of a target cell's receptors?
prolonged decreased concentration of a hormone
what can cause downregulation of a target cell?
prolonged elevation concentration of a hormone
a patient develops a cyst in the pars intermedia as a child which grows over time. the resulting shape of the cyst put significant pressure only on the posterior lode of the pituitary gland and cause defective hormone production and secretion. which of the following symptoms would you predict?
the patient will have abnormal/high risk labors and may be forced to undergo C- sections instead of vaginal labor due to weak uterine contractions.
what do all hormones have in common?
they are organic compounds
which of the following is true for steroid hormones?
they are soluble in lipids
the thymus gland secretes hormones called____that____.
thymosins; control production and differentiation of white blood cells
What endocrine gland secretes triiodothyronine?
thyroid gland
removal of the anterior pituitary gland would affect the functioning of which gland(s) or structure(s)?
thyroid gland
what is an action of the thyroid hormone?
to enhance the rate at which proteins are synthesized
what is a function of hormones?
to stimulate growth, reproduction, and development
what is the action of cortisol?
to stimulate the production of glucose from noncarbohydrate
Why is oxytocin administered to women during childbirth?
to stimulate uterine contractions
