Chapter 13 Assignment Study Set
Over thirty different types of steroid hormones, many vital to life, are produced and secreted by the ______.
adrenal cortex
Steroids such as aldosterone, cortisol and certain sex hormones are produced by the ______
adrenal cortex
What gland produces cortisol and aldosterone?
adrenal cortex
The body's stress response begins with an immediate ____ stage, followed by a long-term ____ stage.
alarm;resistance
What two stages occur during the stress response (general adaptation syndrome)?
alarm;resistance
Jessica recently had bloodwork which revealed an imbalance of mineral electrolytes. Jessica's doctor suspects she may have an imbalance of the adrenal hormone ______
aldosterone
What hormone causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and water, and to excrete potassium ions.
aldosterone
What hormone helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure by conserving sodium ions and water in the kidney?
aldosterone
Cells in the inner zone of the adrenal cortex secrete adrenal ______ (male hormones) that can be converted into ______ (female hormones) in other locations of the body.
androgen;estrogen
The adrenal glands consist of an inner region called the _____ and an outer region called the _____.
cortex;medulla
ACTH is released by the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release the hormone _______
cortisol
What hormone helps control glucose levels by stimulating the use of noncarbohydrate sources to synthesize glucose and increasing the utilization of fatty acids as an energy source?
cortisol
With age, the glands of the endocrine system generally ______ in size and ______ in the proportion of each gland that is fibrous in nature.
decrease;increase
Where is the thymus located?
in the mediastinum
Stress responses include ________ activity of the sympathetic nervous system and ________ secretion of adrenal hormones.
increased;increased
The transport of glucose and amino acids into cells and the synthesis of protein and glycogen are promoted by the pancreatic hormone _____
insulin
What hormone decreases blood glucose concentration by activating facilitated diffusion of glucose through cell membranes and by stimulating conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver?
insulin
The adrenal glands are located atop each
kidney
Glucagon secretion increases when glucose levels are ______; thus glucagon secretion is regulated by a ______ feedback mechanism.
low;negative
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are synthesized in the portion of the adrenal gland called the adrenal
medulla
The pineal gland consists of specialized pineal cells and supportive _____
neuroglia
Which two hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?
norepinephrine and epinephrine
The adrenal glands are also known as the _______ glands because they are located atop each kidney.
suprarenal
Choose all of the following that exhibit increased activity as a response to stress.
sympathetic division of the autonomous nervous system adrenal gland
The _____ are the male organs that secrete testosterone.
testes
The testes secrete ______.
testosterone
Cortisol (hydrocortisone) is a ______ that affects glucose, protein, and fat metabolism and is produced in the ______ zone of the adrenal cortex.
glucocorticoid;middle
What are the two main functions of the pancreas?
-It secretes certain hormones. -It secretes digestive enzymes.
What are some effects of glucagon?
-raises blood glucose levels -stimulates the conversion of noncarbohydrates (e.g., amino acids) into glucose -stimulates the liver to break down glycogen
The anterior pituitary gland secretes _____, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.
ACTH
Where is the adrenal medulla?
At the core of the adrenal gland, superior to the kidney
What are the effects of insulin?
It stimulates formation of glycogen from glucose. It promotes movement of glucose into certain cells.
What are the functions of cortisol (hydrocortisone)?
It stimulates glucose formation from noncarbohydrates, such as amino acids and glycerol, increasing the blood glucose concentration. It releases fatty acids to be used as an energy source.
Choose all changes that are typically observed in endocrine glands with age.
The proportion of each gland that is fibrous in nature increases. They decrease in size. Lipofuscin accumulates in cells.
The pancreas is connected by a duct to the the first section of the small intestine, which is the _____
duodenum
The pancreas works as an ___ gland that secretes digestive juices into the pancreatic duct and as an ___ gland that releases hormones into the bloodstream
exocrine;endocrine
The inner core of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal cortex.
false
Cortisol is secreted by the zona ________ of the adrenal cortex.
fasciculata
Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis are stimulated by the pancreatic hormone _______
glucagon
The organ that lies posterior to the stomach and is attached to the small intestine is the ______.
pancreas
What mechanisms are triggered when blood glucose is low (for example between meals)?
pancreatic alpha cells secrete glucagon increased conversion of glycogen to glucose
Environmental factors that are harmful or potentially harmful to tissues can result in _____ stress
physical
What type of stress results from environmental factors that are harmful or potentially harmful to tissues?
physical stress
Which endocrine gland is located in the brain?
pineal gland
Which of these are components of the endocrine system because they produce hormones?
reproductive organs pineal gland certain cells of the digestive tract, heart, and kidneys thymus
Sex hormones are produced in the zona ______ of the adrenal cortex.
reticularis
What is produced in the inner zone (zona reticularis) of the adrenal cortex?
sex hormones
Aldosterone helps to regulate blood volume by stimulating _____ conservation in the kidneys.
sodium
Aldosterone affects the kidney, causing it to conserve ______ ions and to excrete _____ ions
sodium;potassium
Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that causes the kidneys to conserve _______ ions and water, and to excrete ______ ions.
sodium;potassium
The cells of the adrenal cortex produce hormones that are ______.
steroids
The ______ lies in the mediastinum posterior to the sternum and between the lungs.
thymus
Certain cells of the digestive tract, the heart, and the kidneys are components of the endocrine system.
true
What is the thin layer of the adrenal cortex just beneath the capsule that produces mineralocorticoids?
zona glomerulosa