Chapter 13 Assignment Study Set

Over thirty different types of steroid hormones, many vital to life, are produced and secreted by the ______.

adrenal cortex

Steroids such as aldosterone, cortisol and certain sex hormones are produced by the ______

adrenal cortex

What gland produces cortisol and aldosterone?

adrenal cortex

The body's stress response begins with an immediate ____ stage, followed by a long-term ____ stage.

alarm;resistance

What two stages occur during the stress response (general adaptation syndrome)?

alarm;resistance

Jessica recently had bloodwork which revealed an imbalance of mineral electrolytes. Jessica's doctor suspects she may have an imbalance of the adrenal hormone ______

aldosterone

What hormone causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and water, and to excrete potassium ions.

aldosterone

What hormone helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure by conserving sodium ions and water in the kidney?

aldosterone

Cells in the inner zone of the adrenal cortex secrete adrenal ______ (male hormones) that can be converted into ______ (female hormones) in other locations of the body.

androgen;estrogen

The adrenal glands consist of an inner region called the _____ and an outer region called the _____.

cortex;medulla

ACTH is released by the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release the hormone _______

cortisol

What hormone helps control glucose levels by stimulating the use of noncarbohydrate sources to synthesize glucose and increasing the utilization of fatty acids as an energy source?

cortisol

With age, the glands of the endocrine system generally ______ in size and ______ in the proportion of each gland that is fibrous in nature.

decrease;increase

Where is the thymus located?

in the mediastinum

Stress responses include ________ activity of the sympathetic nervous system and ________ secretion of adrenal hormones.

increased;increased

The transport of glucose and amino acids into cells and the synthesis of protein and glycogen are promoted by the pancreatic hormone _____

insulin

What hormone decreases blood glucose concentration by activating facilitated diffusion of glucose through cell membranes and by stimulating conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver?

insulin

The adrenal glands are located atop each

kidney

Glucagon secretion increases when glucose levels are ______; thus glucagon secretion is regulated by a ______ feedback mechanism.

low;negative

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are synthesized in the portion of the adrenal gland called the adrenal

medulla

The pineal gland consists of specialized pineal cells and supportive _____

neuroglia

Which two hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?

norepinephrine and epinephrine

The adrenal glands are also known as the _______ glands because they are located atop each kidney.

suprarenal

Choose all of the following that exhibit increased activity as a response to stress.

sympathetic division of the autonomous nervous system adrenal gland

The _____ are the male organs that secrete testosterone.

testes

The testes secrete ______.

testosterone

Cortisol (hydrocortisone) is a ______ that affects glucose, protein, and fat metabolism and is produced in the ______ zone of the adrenal cortex.

glucocorticoid;middle

What are the two main functions of the pancreas?

-It secretes certain hormones. -It secretes digestive enzymes.

What are some effects of glucagon?

-raises blood glucose levels -stimulates the conversion of noncarbohydrates (e.g., amino acids) into glucose -stimulates the liver to break down glycogen

The anterior pituitary gland secretes _____, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.

ACTH

Where is the adrenal medulla?

At the core of the adrenal gland, superior to the kidney

What are the effects of insulin?

It stimulates formation of glycogen from glucose. It promotes movement of glucose into certain cells.

What are the functions of cortisol (hydrocortisone)?

It stimulates glucose formation from noncarbohydrates, such as amino acids and glycerol, increasing the blood glucose concentration. It releases fatty acids to be used as an energy source.

Choose all changes that are typically observed in endocrine glands with age.

The proportion of each gland that is fibrous in nature increases. They decrease in size. Lipofuscin accumulates in cells.

The pancreas is connected by a duct to the the first section of the small intestine, which is the _____

duodenum

The pancreas works as an ___ gland that secretes digestive juices into the pancreatic duct and as an ___ gland that releases hormones into the bloodstream

exocrine;endocrine

The inner core of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal cortex.

false

Cortisol is secreted by the zona ________ of the adrenal cortex.

fasciculata

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis are stimulated by the pancreatic hormone _______

glucagon

The organ that lies posterior to the stomach and is attached to the small intestine is the ______.

pancreas

What mechanisms are triggered when blood glucose is low (for example between meals)?

pancreatic alpha cells secrete glucagon increased conversion of glycogen to glucose

Environmental factors that are harmful or potentially harmful to tissues can result in _____ stress

physical

What type of stress results from environmental factors that are harmful or potentially harmful to tissues?

physical stress

Which endocrine gland is located in the brain?

pineal gland

Which of these are components of the endocrine system because they produce hormones?

reproductive organs pineal gland certain cells of the digestive tract, heart, and kidneys thymus

Sex hormones are produced in the zona ______ of the adrenal cortex.

reticularis

What is produced in the inner zone (zona reticularis) of the adrenal cortex?

sex hormones

Aldosterone helps to regulate blood volume by stimulating _____ conservation in the kidneys.

sodium

Aldosterone affects the kidney, causing it to conserve ______ ions and to excrete _____ ions

sodium;potassium

Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that causes the kidneys to conserve _______ ions and water, and to excrete ______ ions.

sodium;potassium

The cells of the adrenal cortex produce hormones that are ______.

steroids

The ______ lies in the mediastinum posterior to the sternum and between the lungs.

thymus

Certain cells of the digestive tract, the heart, and the kidneys are components of the endocrine system.

true

What is the thin layer of the adrenal cortex just beneath the capsule that produces mineralocorticoids?

zona glomerulosa