Chapter 13 Heart Disease, Hypertension, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes

Inflammation is typically measured as _____, which provides an indication of buildup of plaque on artery walls.

C-reactive protein

Which of the following can result in a stroke?

Cerebral hemorrhage

What are the difficulties faced by diabetic patients? (Check all that apply.)

Cognitive dysfunction Risk for depression

_____ is a chief risk factor for rehospitalization following cardiac surgery.

Depression

According to Gallo, Troxel, Matthews, et al. (2003), which of the following enhances risk for coronary artery disease in women?

Employment as a clerical worker as opposed to a white-collar worker

Which mechanism involves a delicate balance between insulin production and insulin responsiveness?

Glucose metabolism

Which of the following factors increase the risk of coronary heart disease among women? (Check all that apply.)

Hostility Anxiety

Identify the conditions where blood flow to localized areas of the brain is interrupted leading to a stroke. (Check all that apply.)

Hypertension Arteriosclerosis

is a consequence of myocardial infarction where patients and their spouses see the patient's abilities as lower than they actually are.

cardiac invalidism

Early hostility is linked to early risk factors for _____.

cardiovascular disease

The _____ therapy used to treat depression has beneficial effects on the risk factors for advancing cardiac disease.

cognitive-behavioral

____ ____ ____ is a general term that refers to illnesses caused by atherosclerosis, the narrowing of the coronary arteries, the vessels that supply blood to the heart.

coronary heart disease

Identify the leading killer of women in the United States.

coronary heart disease (CHD)

Which of the following is linked with higher cardiovascular reactivity?

expressing anger and hostility

Approximately 5 percent of the hypertension cases are caused due to _____.

failure of the kidneys to regulate blood pressure

The symptoms of Type II diabetes are _____.

frequent urination, fatigue, impotence, loss of sensation, and slow healing of cuts and bruises

According to a research study, nonsupportive and unacceptable family environments promote the development of _____ in sons.

hostility

As a result of insulin resistance, the production of insulin is temporarily _____.

increased

The most important way depression is linked to coronary heart disease progression and prognosis is through _____.

inflammation

The condition where cells in the muscle, fat, and the liver lose some of their ability to respond fully to insulin is known as _____.

insulin resistance

Risk factors for heart disease are more common in individuals of _____, especially men, leading to an early development of cardiovascular disease.

low socioeconomic status

John Henryism is most likely to be seen among _____, increasing their risk for hypertension due to high cardiovascular reactivity to stress.

low-income blacks

Immediately after a stroke, people experience _____.

motor problems

What are the reasons for hostile behavior in people? (Check all that apply.)

negative feelings towards others insecurity about oneself

People who survive a stroke suffer from _____.

permanent physical impairment

An independent risk factor for death among diabetic patients is _____.

psychological distress

Unmitigated communion is exhibited by a

self-sacrificing individual

With reference to cardiac invalidism, spouses of heart attack victims often show _____ distress over the patient's survival.

severe

Knowledge of heart disease in women is limited because _____.

studies of risk factors, diagnosis, prognosis, and rehabilitation have focused heavily on men instead

Acute stress involving emotional pressure, extreme excitement, and sudden bursts of activity can precipitate _____.

sudden clinical events such as angina, a heart attack, or death

One-third of the U. S. adults are not aware if they have hypertension because _____.

there are no symptoms

What is the reason for high rates of disability and mortality following heart attacks?

there is a delay

Identify the cognitive-behavioral methods that are used to treat hypertension. (Check all that apply.)

Biofeedback Hypnosis and meditation

Identify the factors that can lead to an elevated risk for coronary heart disease in people

A harsh family environment Low socioeconomic status Chronic stress

What percentage of hypertension is essential or of unknown origin?

90 percent

Why is exercise important for diabetic patients?

It helps use glucose from the blood.

Identify the true statements about the likelihood of a stroke. (Check all that apply.)

It is increased by a prior stroke or a family history of stroke. It increases with age.

refers to a personality predisposition to cope actively with psychosocial stressors.

John Henryism

Which of the following child rearing practices foster hostility? (Check all that apply.)

Lack of acceptance Parental interference

According to Janicki-Deverts, Cohen, Matthews, and Jacobs (2012), which of the following is associated with greater risk for early-stage atherosclerosis in women?

Low socioeconomic status (SES)

Which organ is triggered to secrete insulin in response to rising levels of glucose in the blood?

Pancreas

What is the outcome for an individual exhibiting unmitigated communion?

Poor mental and physical health

True or false: The relation between hostile style and enhanced cardiovascular reactivity to stress is not as reliable for men as it is for women.

Reason: This is false. The relation between hostile style and enhanced cardiovascular reactivity to stress is not as reliable for women as it is for men.

True or false: Deep breathing and imagery are often used to reduce blood pressure via the induction of a state of low arousal.

Reason: This is true. A variety of cognitive-behavioral methods have been used to treat high blood pressure. These include biofeedback, progressive muscle relaxation, hypnosis, and meditation, all of which reduce blood pressure via the induction of a state of low arousal. Deep breathing and imagery are often added to accomplish this task.

True or false: Suppression of anger increases the risk for coronary heart disease among women.

Reason: This is true. Depression, suppression of anger, and stress are all tied to elevated risk for coronary heart disease among women.

Identify the dietary interventions in order to manage diabetes. (Check all that apply.)

Reduction in sugar intake Reduction in carbohydrate intake

Which of the following conditions are misinterpreted as a heart attack by some people? (Check all that apply.)

Stress Gastric distress

_____ leads to the development and increase in the likelihood of coronary heart disease.

Stress and its interaction with genetically based weaknesses

According to Koton, Tanne, Bornstein, and Green (2004), what are the acute triggers for stroke? (Check all that apply.)

Sudden change in posture in response to a startling event Negative emotions

Which system is involved in the pathophysiology of Type II diabetes?

Sympathetic nervous system

How do people with a high risk for diabetes respond to stress?

They show abnormal glycemic responses.

When the balance between insulin action and insulin secretion is disregulated, it results in _____.

Type II diabetes

Coronary heart disease causes the blood vessels to narrow and this leads to temporary shortage of oxygen and nourishment to the heart. This causes _____.

a pain called angina pectoris and severe cases of deprivation lead to a heart attack

A condition experienced by people with right-brain damage where they seem indifferent to their situation is known as _____.

alexithymia

What are the emotional problems faced by patients with left-brain damage?

anxiety and depression