Chapter 7: Thinking and Intelligence
schema
(plural=schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster of collection of related concepts
Multiple Intelligence Theory
Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence
creativity
ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities
creative intelligence
ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem
fluid intelligence
ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
divergent thinking
ability to think "outside the box" to arrive at novel solutions to a problem
emotional intelligence
ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others
cultural intelligence
ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture
analytical intelligence
aligned with academic problem solving and computations
tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence
analytical
the analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to _______
analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes
artificial
illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Sale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies
availability heuristic
phoneme
basic sound unit of a given language
hindsight bias
belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't
prototype
best representation of a concept
concept
category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences
crystallized intelligence
characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory
cognition
dyslexia
common learning disability in which letters are not process properly by the brain
language
communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another
artificial concept
concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics
_________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences
concepts
Carmela believes her assistant, Loan, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias
confirmation
mental set
continually using an old solution to a problem without results
Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the _________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence
creative
what is confirmation bias
focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs
which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for
functional fixedness
the fact that English dictates that most verbs end in -ed to indicate past tense is an example of ______ component of language
grammar
Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies _______
hindsight bias
functional fixedness
inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended
in Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, _______ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence
interpersonal; intrapersonal
which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another
language
dysgraphia
learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly
which term refers to the vocabulary of a language
lexicon
syntax
manner by which words are organized into sentences
natural concept
mental groupings that are created "naturally" through your experiences
A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working
mental set
Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto unlock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________
mental set
heuristic
mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem
schemas are a(an) ________
method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently
standardization
method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent
a ______ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning
morpheme
in psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: __________ and _________
natural; artificial
Flynn effect
observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation
an anchoring bias occurs when you focus on _______
one piece of information versus all of the information
which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept
patriotism
A(an) _________ is a basic sound unit of a given language
phoneme
Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence
practical
algorithm
problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions
trial and error
problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found
semantics
process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words
A(an) _________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept
prototype
convergent thinking
providing correct or established answers to problems
Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her _______ schema suggests that nurses behave this way
role
A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
schema
intelligence quotient (IQ)
score on a test designed to measure intelligence
event schema
set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script
cognitive script
set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event schema
role schema
set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role
grammar
set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of lexicon
morpheme
smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning
what is the Flynn effect
the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation
cognition
thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory
practical intelligence
useful everyday knowledge/skills (aka "street smarts"
triarchic theory of intelligence
Sternberg's theory of intelligence, three facets of intelligence practical, creative, and analytical
range or reaction
each person's response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic makeup
natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our __________
experiences
anchoring bias
faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution
confirmation bias
faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs
availability heuristic
faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you
representative bias
faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment
cognitive psychology
field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think
navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence
fluid