Chapter 7: Thinking and Intelligence

schema

(plural=schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster of collection of related concepts

Multiple Intelligence Theory

Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence

creativity

ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities

creative intelligence

ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem

fluid intelligence

ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

divergent thinking

ability to think "outside the box" to arrive at novel solutions to a problem

emotional intelligence

ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others

cultural intelligence

ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture

analytical intelligence

aligned with academic problem solving and computations

tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence

analytical

the analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to _______

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes

artificial

illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Sale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies

availability heuristic

phoneme

basic sound unit of a given language

hindsight bias

belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't

prototype

best representation of a concept

concept

category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences

crystallized intelligence

characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory

cognition

dyslexia

common learning disability in which letters are not process properly by the brain

language

communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another

artificial concept

concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics

_________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences

concepts

Carmela believes her assistant, Loan, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias

confirmation

mental set

continually using an old solution to a problem without results

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the _________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence

creative

what is confirmation bias

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for

functional fixedness

the fact that English dictates that most verbs end in -ed to indicate past tense is an example of ______ component of language

grammar

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies _______

hindsight bias

functional fixedness

inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended

in Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, _______ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence

interpersonal; intrapersonal

which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another

language

dysgraphia

learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly

which term refers to the vocabulary of a language

lexicon

syntax

manner by which words are organized into sentences

natural concept

mental groupings that are created "naturally" through your experiences

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working

mental set

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto unlock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________

mental set

heuristic

mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem

schemas are a(an) ________

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

standardization

method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent

a ______ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning

morpheme

in psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: __________ and _________

natural; artificial

Flynn effect

observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

an anchoring bias occurs when you focus on _______

one piece of information versus all of the information

which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept

patriotism

A(an) _________ is a basic sound unit of a given language

phoneme

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence

practical

algorithm

problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions

trial and error

problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found

semantics

process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words

A(an) _________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept

prototype

convergent thinking

providing correct or established answers to problems

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her _______ schema suggests that nurses behave this way

role

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

schema

intelligence quotient (IQ)

score on a test designed to measure intelligence

event schema

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script

cognitive script

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event schema

role schema

set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role

grammar

set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of lexicon

morpheme

smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning

what is the Flynn effect

the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

cognition

thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory

practical intelligence

useful everyday knowledge/skills (aka "street smarts"

triarchic theory of intelligence

Sternberg's theory of intelligence, three facets of intelligence practical, creative, and analytical

range or reaction

each person's response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic makeup

natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our __________

experiences

anchoring bias

faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution

confirmation bias

faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs

availability heuristic

faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you

representative bias

faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment

cognitive psychology

field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think

navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence

fluid