Chapter 13, Intro to Visual Arts

Balloon framing

2. Industrial revolution 3. Factory produced rather than on site

Arches

A curved or pointed structure consisting of wedge-shaped blocks that span an open space and support the weight of the material above by transferring the load outward and downward over two vertical supports, or piers

Vaults

" In architecture, any series of arches other than an arcade used to create space. See also barrel vault and groin vault."

Steel Cage Architecture

"A method of building that capitalizes on the strength of steel by piecing together slender steel beams to form the skeleton of a structure."

Trusses

"A rigid, triangular frame used for supporting structures such as roofs and bridges."

Post-and- lintel construction

"Construction Pile weave A weave in which knots are cal triangle that fills the wall space between the four arches of a groin vault to provide a circular base on which a dome may rest. (Fig. 13.3)in which vertical elements (posts) are used to support horizontal crosspieces (lintels). Also termed "trabeated struc-ture." "

Post-and-beam construction

"Construction in which vertical elements (posts) and horizontal timbers (beams) are pieced together with wooden pegs."

Clerestory

"In a Latin cross plan, the area above the triforium in the elevation of the nave, which contains windows to provide direct lighting for the vault and nave. "

Pilasters

"In architecture, a decorative element that recalls the shape of a structural pier. Pilasters are attached to the wall plane and project very little. They may have all the visual elements of piers, including base, shaft, capital, and entablature. ("

Dome

"In architecture, a hemispherical structure that is round when viewed from beneath."

Cornice

"In architecture, a horizontal molding that projects along the top of a wall or a building; the uppermost part of an entablature."

Veneer

"In architecture, a thin layer of high-quality material used to enhance the appearance of the façade of a structure."

Balloon Framing

"In architecture, a wooden skeleton of a building con-structed from prefabricated studs and nails. "

Fenestration

"The arrangement of win-dows and doors in a structure, often used to create balance and rhythm as well as light, air, and access.

Adobe

Brick that has been dried in the sun rather than fired in a kiln.

shell architecture

In building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface. They are usually constructed of concrete reinforced with steel mesh

Engraving of Sir Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace, London, England, 1851.

One of first time that there would be a prefabricated iron part. Deconstructed and put together on site

Butteresting

To support or prop up construction with a projecting structure, usually built of brick or stone; a massive masonry structure on the exterior wall of a building that presses inward and upward to hold the stone blocks of arches in place

Why post and beam construction?

Triangles are much harder to break, thus more structure

Frank Gehry, Ray and Maria Stata Center for Computer, Information and Intelligence Sciences at MIT, Cambridge, MA, 2005.

Used Titanium as a way of illustrating of coming together of different ideas just like different majors housed in that building

House built of hundreds of mammoth bones in what is now Ukraine, approximately 15,000 years old.

Used bones as "bones of building And used hide for interior

Steel Cage Construction origin

i. Eifel led way to steel-cage construction 1. Even though not made out of steel (Eifel) ii. Allows for skyscrapers without stuff falling

Cliff Dwellings, Mesa Verde, Colorado, Native American, Pre-Columbian, c. 1190-1250 CE.

ii. Adobe- mud brick type stone iii. Mesa Verde, one of the best preserved complex of this nature iv. Kiva- interior/underground rooms that we can see on picture 1. Used for family style kitchen sometimes

Frank Lloyd Wright, Kaufmann House ("Fallingwater"), Bear Run, Pennsylvania, 1936.

ii. Bring exterior in

A proud family posing in front of their brand-new Levitt House, 1950.

ii. Cape-cod style house iii. Post and beam construction iv. Balloon framing

Eero Saarinen, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, Gateway Arch, St. Louis, MO, 1966.

ii. Celebrating the Louisiana Purchase and moving towards a more forward thought iii. Keystone- the piece in the middle that holds the gate together

Buckminster Fuller, United States Pavilion, Expo 67, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1967.

ii. Example of mass production iii. Natural shape with hexagon to mimic honeycomb

Aerial view of cape-cod style houses built by Levitt & Sons, Levittown, NY, c. 1947-1951

ii. First of many suburbia iii. Started with the baby boomers

Louis Sullivan, Wainwright Building, St. Louis, Missouri, 1890-1891.

ii. First skyscraper of Manhattan iii. Aesthetic and tall iv. One of the first in the world

Emilio Ambasz & Associates, Fukuoka Prefectural International Hall, Fukuoka, Japan, 1994.

ii. Green in color but also green building

Rendering of the framework plan for Alexandria, Egypt, to complete the historic Eastern Harbor.

ii. Harbor connected to various cities iii. Community passenger boat

Baumraum Treehouse

ii. Included the nature into the art and not doing them separately iii. Exterior in

Gordon Bunshaft, Lever House, Park Avenue, New York, NY, 1951-1952.

ii. More modern skycrapper iii. Only supported by steel-cage

Hypostle Hall, Temple of Amen-Re, Karnak, Egypt, 1570-1342 BCE.

ii. Nothing holding the lentils to the posts iii. Hieroglyphics on the posts

Example of a dome: The Pantheon in Rome

ii. Oculus- center of dome iii. Most well-known dome iv. Inset square design makes it lighter and structurally more sane

Sir Norman Foster, Hearst Tower, New York, NY, 2004.

ii. One of the first Green Buildings in NY iii. Large atrium of plants inside iv. Rain collection system 1. Plants provide installation

John A. Roebling, Brooklyn Bridge, New York, NY, 1869-1883.

ii. Steel cable construction iii. Cable allows the bridge to flex and sway

Le Corbusier, Chapel of Notre-Dame-du-Haut, Ronchamp, France, 1950-1954. Concrete and stone.

ii. Super a-symmetrical iii. Not smoothed out iv. Uses diagonal cutaways to allow for more light v. And same thing with ceiling

Moshe Safdie, Habitat, Expo 67, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1967.

ii. Versatility of concrete iii. Uses a large amount of apartments without taking up much actual space

Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower, Paris, France, 1889. Iron, 1,050 feet high.

ii. Was not received well by the people 1. Because it is so much taller than all of the older buildings. They were not fans of skyscrapers. iii. Was designed by a civil engineer and not an architect iv. Was a structure just for structure's sake

Richard M. Hunt, J. N. A. Griswold House, Newport, Rhode Island, 1862-1863.

ii. Why architects are attracted to wood iii. Stick style iv. Uses trusses

Kivas

interior/underground rooms that we can see on pictur

Dome

vi. Pulls heavy weight of the columns to the roof so it doesn't fall through