chapter 13 urban
A clustering of tall office buildings, shopping malls, and apartment complexes at the intersection of major interstate highways is called Select one: a. edge cities. b. suburban densification. c. suburban sprawl. d. the zone in transition. e. urban interface zones.
a
Edge cites typically develop in major metropolitan areas Select one: a. at the intersection of interstate highways. b. where land is most readily available. c. where land is least expensive. d. in the zone of independent workers. e. in the high income sector.
a
In the United States overlapping Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) eventually lead to conurbanaization or Select one: a. a megalopolis. b. a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. c. many Micropolitan Statistical Areas. d. cooperative regional council of governments. e. none of the above.
a
Inner city challenges fall into three basic categories, which are Select one: a. economic, social, and physical. b. economic, social, and environmental. c. economic, physical, and environmental. d. social, environmental, hierarchical. e. environmental, physical, and racial.
a
Inside the wall of Medieval European cities street patterns are best described as Select one: a. chaotic with few streets meeting at right angles. b. on an extensive grid system. c. carefully planned with diagonal boulevards. d. circular in nature. e. none of the above.
a
Potentially, how could gentrification of city neighborhoods alter the density gradient of an urban area? Select one: a. The density gradient might return to a pattern similar to the 1950s. b. The density gradient would not be impacted by gentrification. c. The density gradient would become less severe. d. Gentrification could continue to contribute to the decline of inner core neighborhoods. e. None of the above
a
The United States Census Bureau establishes Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) a. to determine the geographical extent of influence for an urban area. b. to legally define the boundaries of an urban area. c. to help marketing firms gather demographic data. d. to help establish urban growth boundaries. e. all of the above.
a
The basic tenants of new urbanism include all of the following except Select one: a. wide streets with cul-de-sacs. b. mixed use of residential and commercial venues. c. creating a center for shopping and social events. d. mixed housing types and densities. e. the return of front porches and alleyways.
a
The gravity model when applied to urbanization reveals that Select one: a. the two largest cities in a country will have the most interaction between them. b. the two closest cities will have the most interaction between them. c. the two cities with the most in common will have the most interaction between them. d. the two cities with the most branch offices will have the most interaction between them. e. the two cities with the most cultural connections will have the most interaction between them.
a
The major advantage of the peripheral model over other urban models is the fact that it Select one: a. highlights the problems of sprawl and segregation. b. explains why inner city neighborhoods decline. c. explains why low-income housing is adjacent to industrial sectors. d. explains the importance of multiple centers of activity in an urban area. e. explains why the high income district extends from the CBD to the periphery.
a
The three largest metropolitan areas in Canada in descending order are Select one: a. Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. b. Toronto, Montreal, and Calgary. c. Toronto, Vancouver, and Calgary. d. Toronto, Vancouver, and Edmonton. e. Toronto, Calgary, and Winnipeg.
a
Unrestricted low-density development of residential and commercial activities over a large expanse of land is Select one: a. sprawl. b. new urbanism. c. transit oriented development. d. characteristic of European countries. e. smart growth
a
Urban growth boundaries are most commonly associated with the movement known as Select one: a. smart growth. b. new urbanism. c. transit oriented development. d. urban renewal. e. low density development.
a
What geographic advantages do mass transit systems such as subways and light rail have over automobiles? Select one: a. They use less land area in congested urban areas. b. They provide transportation for those who do not drive. c. They reduce air pollution in urban areas. d. They concentrate development along fixed routes and stops. e. All of the above.
a
What type of land use dominates on the periphery of the Latin American Model? Select one: a. Squatter settlements. b. Industrial activity. c. Elite residential. d. Commercial. e. Middle class residential.
a
When inner city neighborhood property values decline, owners of large older homes often subdivide the home into multiple units. This process is known as Select one: a. filtering. b. gentrification. c. redlining. d. blockbusting. e. urban renewal.
a
All of the following are negative environmental consequences of suburban sprawl except Select one: a. increased air pollution. b. increased green belts. c. increased traffic congestion. d. loss of biodiversity. e. loss of prime agricultural land.
b
Bayside in Miami, Faneuil Hall in Boston, Riverwalk in San Antonio, and Pike Street Market in Seattle, all serve as Select one: a. urban parks. b. festival market places. c. service orientated centers. d. lifestyle shopping malls. e. urban interface zones.
b
Chicago incorporated land beyond its city limits to build O'Hare International Airport in the 1960s. This is an excellent example of Select one: a. urban renewal. b. flagpole annexation. c. antecedent boundary changes. d. subsequent boundaries changes. e. regional council of government intervention.
b
How have industrially-based cities in the Northeastern United States attempted to combat the loss of jobs from the relocation of industries to suburbs and to Least Developed Countries (LDCs)? Select one: a. Invest heavily in community outreach programs. b. Develop health, research, and personal service sectors. c. Develop tourism. d. Invest in vocational training. e. Rely on immigrant labor for business growth.
b
In hopes of slowing down the growth of the London metropolitan area, government officials created Select one: a. a new zoning map. b. a greenbelt. c. new development guidelines. d. a new inter-governmental agency. e. a new development tax.
b
Inner city neighborhoods face all of the following challenges except Select one: a. a deteriorating housing stock. b. a lack of social and economic diversity. c. increased homelessness and crime. d. a growing underclass that is unable to function in society. e. a culture of poverty.
b
Large cities develop many nodes around which different types of people and activities cluster. This describes the Select one: a. Peripheral Model. b. Multiple Nuclei Model. c. Latin American Model. d. Sector Model. e. Concentric Zone Model.
b
Many cities in North America have designed and set aside areas where outdoor concerts, street performers, ethnic events, farmers markets, and cart vendors come together and act as a positive focal point economically and socially for urban life. This recent trend is often referred to as Select one: a. an urban park. b. a festival market place. c. a service oriented center. d. a lifestyle mall. e. an urban interface zone.
b
New urbanism is based upon land use trends from Select one: a. 1950s auto suburbs. b. street-car suburbs of the 1920s. c. 1990s gated communities. d. 1880s urban industrial era. e. 19th century tenement neighborhoods
b
Since London, England is a primate city, planners attempted to slow down the growth of greater London by Select one: a. creating an urban growth boundary commission. b. creating a greenbelt around the city. c. increasing taxes and fees to discourage new suburban development. d. creating edge cities. e. providing incentives for people to live in inner city neighborhoods.
b
The elite residential section in the Latin American Model is located Select one: a. along the outside where there is less crime. b. on either side of the main boulevard that leads to the Central Business District (CBD). c. in a ring around the Central Business District (CBD). d. in the western suburbs. e. in gated communities on either side of the Central Business District (CBD).
b
The recent trend of metropolitan residents moving to rural areas and small towns is referred to as Select one: a. out-migration. b. counterurbanization. c. push factors. d. interregional migration. e. none of the above.
b
The strongest pull factor for the creative class is Select one: a. economic. b. environmental. c. cultural. d. political. e. social.
b
What did Hoyt's research uncover regarding the highest social class district in a city? Select one: a. High-class neighborhoods were susceptible to ghettoization. b. High-class residential areas don't change much over time. c. High-class residential areas went through a process of decline and deterioration. d. Gentrification improved the property values of the high-class residential sector. e. High-class residential sector migrated towards the west.
b
According to the Burgess model, the housing stock is most deteriorated and a sizable percent of residents are immigrants in the Select one: a. zone of better residents. b. Central Business District (CBD). c. zone of transition. d. zone of independent workers. e. zone of urban renewal.
c
According to the bid-rent curve, land decreases in value as one gets farther from the CBD. What accounts for major spikes in land values along the bid-rent curve? Select one: a. Areas with less crime are more valuable. b. Industry relocating to suburbia has altered land values. c. Intersections of major roads far from the Central Business District (CBD) can dramatically increase land values. d. Green space in the suburbs increases land values. e. Brown fields in the inner city depress land value.
c
Geographically, cities expanded outwards prior to the automobile by growing Select one: a. more densely. b. uniformly in all directions. c. along transportation lines. d. only to their legal boundaries. e. in the wealthy sector from the Central Business District (CBD. to the periphery.
c
Geographically, cities in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Europe both have Select one: a. industry located near the Central Business District (CBD). b. large areas with substandard housing exist in both areas. c. the poor living along the outskirts of the city. d. job training programs for unskilled workers that are under-funded. e. all of the above.
c
In Hoyt's Sector Model lower income neighborhoods are usually located Select one: a. in a wedge that extends from the Central Business District (CBD. to the suburbs. b. on the east side of the city. c. adjacent to the industrial and transportation corridor. d. north of the Central Business District (CBD). e. in the first ring around the Central Business District (CBD).
c
In many major metropolitan areas dying or abandoned shopping malls can often be found Select one: a. in edge cities. b. outside of urban growth boundaries. c. in the first ring of suburbs built in the 1950s and 1960s. d. in the zone in transition. e. at the intersection of major interstate highways.
c
Since the United States has become a suburban country, what part of suburbia is now experiencing many of the challenges faced by poor urban neighborhoods? Select one: a. New boomburbs. b. Edge cities. c. Inner ring suburbs of the 1950s. d. Middle era suburbs of the 70s and 80s. e. None of the above.
c
Social Area Analysis analyzes demographic characteristics at the Select one: a. metropolitan area scale. b. within a municipality. c. census tract or block level. d. zipcode scale. e. in different concentric zones.
c
The identification of blighted urban neighborhoods and the subsequent removal of residents and demolition of deteriorated buildings with the construction of new buildings, highways, and other large construction projects is commonly known as Select one: a. gentrification. b. urban rezoning. c. urban renewal. d. urban transitional planning. e. smart growth.
c
The land use pattern of auto-dominated cities is best characterized by Select one: a. the hub and spoke pattern. b. the grid system. c. sprawl. d. transit-oriented development. e. new urbanism.
c
The transition of a low-income neighborhood to a wealthier neighborhood over time is an example of Select one: a. blockbusting. b. redlining. c. gentrification. d. smart growth. e. urban renewal.
c
Young single recent college graduates who move into distressed inner city neighborhoods and refurbish their new residences would be an example of Select one: a. blockbusting. b. filtering. c. gentrification. d. white flight. e. none of the above.
c
A bank would be engaging in ___________ if they would not grant mortgages to customers in certain neighborhoods or zip-codes. Select one: a. blockbusting b. down zoning c. ghettoization d. redlining e. filtering
d
All of the following are elements of Transit Oriented Development (T.O.D). except Select one: a. designed for alternative modes of transportation. b. incorporating a variety of housing types. c. densification of housing. d. increasing surface parking spaces. e. a mix of residential, commercial, and office uses.
d
Grid street patterns are most typical for cities in Select one: a. Europe. b. South Asia. c. Latin America. d. North America. e. Southeast Asia.
d
Housing developers primarily purchase land for new projects that is not adjacent to the continuously built up urban area, because Select one: a. the land is more accessible to interstate highways. b. the land provides better scenic views for potential residents. c. the developer has more control over how to design the community. d. the land is less expensive. e. all of the above.
d
In the last twenty years the most successful strategy to revitalize central business districts and inner city neighborhoods has been to Select one: a. create festival market places. b. build life style malls. c. construct athletic complexes. d. construct more residences downtown. e. encourage more businesses to locate in the area.
d
In which region of the United States have many cities been able to move up the urban hierarchy by increasing higher order goods and services due to explosive population growth? Select one: a. Rust Belt. b. New England. c. Pacific Northwest. d. Sun Belt. e. Upper Midwest.
d
Mixed land use with high-density housing options located near light rail and subway stops is referred to as Select one: a. down zoning. b. covenant communities. c. urban renewal. d. transit-orientated development. e. multi-modal development.
d
Political geography can make it more difficult for metropolitan governments to solve regionally based problems because Select one: a. competing municipalities often have conflicting interests. b. political boundaries make it difficult for regional governments to exercise authority. c. each city has its own unique government. d. all of the above. e. none of the above.
d
Squatter settlements in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) cities are usually located Select one: a. in the zone in transition. b. adjacent to industrial areas. c. in warehouse districts. d. on the outskirts of the urban area. e. along major highways.
d
The largest French speaking metropolitan area in Canada is Select one: a. Ottawa. b. Quebec City. c. Halifax. d. Montreal. e. Vancouver.
d
Urban and/or suburban gated-communities Select one: a. reduce crime. b. increase property values. c. create a space of safety. d. all of the above. e. A and B only.
d
Urban models attempt to explain Select one: a. why particular patterns exist in urban areas. b. why people are not randomly distributed throughout an urban area. c. where people with particular characteristics live. d. all of the above. e. A and B only.
d
Various cities in North America have used all of the following strategies to revitalize their central business districts except Select one: a. by creating pedestrian malls downtown, such as Denver, Colorado, and Eugene, Oregon. b. by building major urban renewal projects. c. by building major sports facilities, such as Camden Yards in Baltimore and Coors Field in Denver. d. by building business parks. e. by turning vacant industrial buildings and warehouses into residential lofts.
d
A city grows outward from a central location in a series of rings in the Select one: a. Sector Model. b. Multiple Nuclei Model. c. Hoyt Model. d. von Thunen Model. e. Concentric Zone Model.
e
According to the Burgess Model of Urban Development, the outer most ring is the Select one: a. extensive agriculture. b. extensive commercial agriculture. c. the zone of better residences. d. the zone of transition. e. the commuter zone.
e
According to the classic bid-rent curve, what happens to the value of land as one gets closer to the Central Business District (CBD)? Select one: a. Land gets more affordable along busy streets. b. Land gets more affordable in distressed neighborhoods. c. Land gets used more extensively. d. Land gets used less intensively. e. Land gets more expensive.
e
All of the following describe edge cites except Select one: a. they are more convenient places of employment for newer suburban communities. b. they physically resemble a city, because of the prevalence of tall office buildings. c. they typically are located at the intersections of highways. d. other uses such as shopping malls and apartment complexes are also present. e. they make it easier for traffic planners to design mass transit systems.
e
Annexation is Select one: a. the process of removing underclass residents from inner city neighborhoods. b. the process of wealthy individuals settling into neighborhoods near the CBD. c. the process of an unincorporated area legally defining its boundaries. d. the process of establishing business parks in suburban communities. e. the process of a city legally adding more land.
e
Blockbusting in the 1950s often contributed to Select one: a. stabilization. b. gentrification. c. in-fill development. d. urban renewal. e. "white flight."
e
Cites significantly increased their population size in Europe and North America during the Select one: a. later Medieval Ages. b. height of the Roman Empire. c. post World War II. d. the roaring 20s. e. Industrial Revolution.
e
Due to the changing nature of a city's economic base in North America, what activities and land uses have declined in and around the Central Business District (CBD)? Select one: a. Manufacturing. b. Residential. c. Major department stores. d. Warehousing. e. All of the above.
e
Even though land use in North American Central Business Districts (CBDs. is characterized by skyscrapers and high-density uses, a sizable percentage of land is still devoted to Select one: a. recreation. b. arts and entertainment. c. museums. d. industry. e. automobiles.
e
From an environmental perspective, new urbanism helps to Select one: a. reduce automobile trips. b. reduce air pollution. c. save open space. d. reduce each household's carbon footprint. e. all of the above.
e
Government solutions that help solve regional metropolitan issues include Select one: a. establishing cooperative agencies , such as a council of governments. b. forming a federation of municipalities like Toronto. c. consolidations where governments share services. d. altering political boundaries so city and county boundaries coincide. e. all of the above.
e
In Chauncy Harris and Edward Ulman's Multiple Nuclei Model which of the following are nodes of activities? Select one: a. University centers. b. Hospital centers. c. Airport and transportation centers. d. Central business district. e. All of the above
e
One would expect to find a population pyramid with few senior citizens and people in the 25-29 age cohort in Select one: a. exurbs. b. commuter's zone. c. bedroom communities. d. dormitory towns. e. all of the above.
e
Rapid growth of cities in the Sunbelt of the United States took place after World War II because of Select one: a. home air-conditioning. b. widespread automobile ownership. c. environmental pull of warm winters. d. non-unionized labor was an economic pull for businesses. e. all of the above.
e
Since the 1950s, most North American metropolitan areas have Select one: a. lost population in the central core. b. continued to expand farther out from the Central Business District (CBD). c. experienced increased population density in the inner ring of suburbs. d. experienced a significant change in the density gradient. e. all of the above.
e
Suburban developments suffer from Select one: a. a lack of diversity. b. social isolation. c. a lack of green space. d. deteriorating schools. e. A and B only.
e
The "city beautiful movement" of the late 19th century was a response to Select one: a. over-crowded inner-city tenements. b. excessive pollution during the industrial era. c. citizens' need for urban green spaces. d. communities' need to have clean air. e. all of the above.
e
The economic base of many cities changed in the post-industrial era from Select one: a. industrial to business services. b. industrial to consumer services. c. industrial to public services. d. industrial to health services. e. all of the above.
e
The major distinction between the multi nuclei and the peripheral model is that Select one: a. the peripheral model was designed by Chauncey Harris. b. the peripheral model highlights the problems of sprawl and segregation. c. the peripheral model adds a beltway that circumnavigates the urban area. d. the peripheral model incorporates edge cites. e. all of the above.
e
This age cohort is well represented in upscale wealthy suburban communities. Select one: a. 10-14. b. 15-19. c. 40-44. d. 49-50. e. All of the above.
e
Urban sprawl is responsible for Select one: a. loss of biodiversity. b. loss of open space. c. increasing vehicle miles driven. d. increasing auto emissions. e. all of the above.
e
Visually, the main difference between cities in North America and Europe is that there Select one: a. is a prevalence of skyscrapers in North American cities. b. are more lower income neighborhoods in European cities. c. are fewer skyscrapers in European cities. d. all of the above. e. A and C only.
e
What factor(s) contributed to the proliferation of suburbs in America during the post World War II era? Select one: a. Brown v. Board of Education. b. Federal government programs. c. Low-interest GI mortgage loans. d. Demographic shifts. e. All of the above
e
What problems do metro area municipalities find it difficult to solve without regional governmental agencies? Select one: a. Air pollution. b. Traffic congestion. c. Solid waste disposal. d. Affordable housing. e. All of the above.
e
When comparing urban models for North American and European cities, what is the difference between where high-class residential neighborhoods area located? Select one: a. In European cities they are located near the Central Business District (CBD). b. Both have high-class residential areas adjacent to the main boulevard leading into the CBD. c. In North American cities they are typically located on the outskirts of the metro area. d. Both have wealthy neighborhoods scattered through out the city. e. A and C only.
e
Which of the following urban planning methods reduce environmental impacts? Select one: a. New urbanism. b. Transit oriented development. c. In-fill of brown fields. d. Smart growth. e. All of the above.
e
Who is most likely to move into revitalized urban downtown area neighborhoods? Select one: a. White collar empty nesters. b. Young urban professionals (yuppies). c. Recent college graduates. d. Double income no kids households (dinks). e. All of the above.
e