Chapter 13 Vocab/Questions

Which of the following allows the body to recognize "self" from "non-self" antigens? MHC markers T cell receptors monoclonal antibodies interferons

MHC markers

Enzyme catalyzed biologic processes operate optimally at a given temperature. Given that fevers decrease bacterial growth, what do you predict the optimal temperature for many pathogenic bacterial enzymes is? ~ 95 degrees F ~ 105 degrees Fahrenheit ~ 100 degrees Celcius

~ 95 degrees F

T lymphocyte

T cell a type of white blood cell. some of them attack and destroy cells that are not recognized as belonging in the body, such as an infected cell or cancerous cell.

antibody

a Y-shaped protein produced by plasma cells during an adaptive immune response that recognizes and binds to a specific antigen because of the shape of the molecule. Antibodies defend against invaders in a variety of ways, including neutralization, agglutination and precipitation, or activation of the complement system

antigen-presenting cell (APC)

a cell that presents an antigen to a helper T cell, initiating an immune response toward that antigen. An important type of this cell is a macrophage

pathogen

a disease-causing organism

complement system

a group of about 20 proteins that enhances the body's defense mechanisms. It destroys cellular pathogens by creating holes in the plasma membranes, making the cell leaky, enhancing phagocytosis,and stimulating inflammation

macrophage

a large phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte that gives in loose connective tissue and engulfs anything detected as foreign.

memory cell

a lymphocyte (B or T cell) of the immune system that form sin response to an antigen and that circulates for a long period of time; such cellar able to mount a quick immune response to a subsequent exposure to the same antigen

inflammatory response

a nonspecific body response to injury or invasion by foreign organisms. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat and pain.

allergy

a strong immune response to an antigen (or allergen) that is usually not harmful to the body

histamine

a substance released by basophils and mast cells during an inflammatory response that causes blood vessels to widen (dilate) and become more permeable

antigen

a substance that is recognized as foreign by the immune system. They trigger an immune response

suppressor T cells

a type of T lymphocyte that turns on and off the immune response when the level of the antigen falls by releasing chemicals that dampen the activity of both B cells and T cells.

natural killer (NK) cells

a type of cell in the immune system. these cells, probably lymphocytes, roam the body in search of abnormal cells and quickly kill them

interferon

a type of defensive protein produced by T lymphocytes that slows the spread of viruses already in the body by interfering with viral replication. interferons also attract macrophages and natural killer cells, which kill the virus-infected cells

perforins

a type of protein released by a natural killer cell that creates numerous proves (holes) in the target cell, making it leaky. Fluid is drawn into the leaky cell because of the high salt concentration within, and the cell bursts.

cytotoxic T cell

a type of t lymphocyte that directly attacks infected body cells and tumor cells by releasing chemicals called perforins that cause the target cells to burst

choose the correct statement: a) an antibody is specific to one particular antigen b) antibodies are held within the cell that produces them c) antibodies are produced by macrophages d) antibodies can be effective against viruses that are inside the host cell.

a) an antibody is specific to one particular antigen

in clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? a) antigen b) interferon c) antibody d) complement

a) antigen

when the doctors say they are looking for a suitable donor for a kidney transplant, they are looking for someone... a) whose tissues have self markers similar to those of the recipient b) who lacks antibodies to the recipients tissues c) who has suppressor T cells that will suppress the immune response against the donor kidney d) who lacks macrophages

a) whose tissues have self markers similar to those of the recipient

Which of the following is NOT involved in the body's barrier defenses? mucous cilia tears urine all of the above are involved

all of the above

virus penetration

all or part of the virus enters the host cell. in the case of animal cells. the entire virus enters the cell.

The cell type prone to HIV infection due to receptors displayed on its membrane is all but which of the following? a lymphocyte a T cell a CD4 cell an antibody producing cell

an antibody producing cell

autoimmune disorders

an immune response misdirected against the body's own tissues

The two branches of the adaptive immune system are B and T cell mediated antibody and cell mediated pathogen and allergen mediated cellular and chemically mediated

antibody and cell mediated

In the context of immunity, APCs are antibody producing cells antigen presenting cells adaptive processing cells acid producing clones

antigen presenting cells

immunoglobulin

any of the five classes of proteins that constitute the antibodies

endemic diseases

are always present in a population and pose little threat. the common cold for example

In passive immunity, antibodies are the result of the patient being vaccinated are produced the second time the patient is exposed to the pathogen are harvested from another person or group of people and given to the patient provide lifelong immunity

are harvested from another person or group of people and given to the patient

which of the following pairings pf cell type and function is incorrect? a) a helper T cell---serves as the main switch that activates both he cell-mediated immune response and the antibody-mediated immune response. b) cytotoxic T cell---presents antigen to a helper T cell c) macrophage---roams the body looking for invaders, which are engulfed and digested when they are found d) suppressor T cell---shuts off the immune response when the invader has been removed

b) cytotoxic T cell---presents antigen to a helper T cell

the lymphocytes that develop and mature in the bone marrow are the a) B cells b) macrophages c) natural killer cells d) T cells

b) macrophages

which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? a) preventing the injurious agent from spreading to nearby tissues b) replacing injured tissues with connective tissue c) disposing of cellular debris and pathogens d) setting the stage for repair processes

b) replacing injured tissues with connective tissue

adaptive immune response

body defense responses that are acquired by exposure to cells or substances that do not belong in the body. Antibody-mediated responses and cell-mediated responses are involved. adaptive responses have memory for the pathogen that triggered them.

Neutrophils and macrophages are... phagocytes white blood cells both phagocytes and white blood cells neither phagocytes and white blood cells

both phagocytes and white blood cells

the piece of the antigen displayed on the surface of a macrophage... a) stimulates the suppressor T cells to begin dividing b) attracts other invaders to the cell, causing them to accumulate and making it easier to kill invaders. c) informs the other cells in the immune system of the exact nature of the antigen they should be looking for (what the antigen "looks like") d) has no function in the immune response

c) informs the other cells in the immune system of the exact nature of the antigen they should be looking for (what the antigen "looks like")

fever... a) is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous b) decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy c) results from the actions of chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting. d) causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication

c) results from the actions of chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting.

transformation to cancerous cell.

certain viruses insert their genetic information into host cell chromosomes. some carry oncogenes (cancer-causing genes) that are active in the host cell. some disrupt the functioning of the host cells genes that regulate cell division, causing the cell to become cancerous.

what is an antigen? a) a cell that produces antibodies b) a receptor on the surface of a lymphocyte that recognizes invaders c) a memory cell that causes a quick response to an invader when it is encountered a second time. d) a large molecule on the surface of an invader that triggers an immune response

d) a large molecule on the surface of an invader that triggers an immune response

innate immune system defenses include which of the following? a) B cells b) T cells c) plasma cells d) phagocytosis

d) phagocytosis

a cytotoxic T cell could attack all of the following except... a) transplants of foreign tissues. b) cells infected with viruses c) cancerous cells d) viruses that are free in the bloodstream

d) viruses that are free in the bloodstream

monoclonal antibody

defensive proteins specific for a particular antigen secreted by a clone or genetically identical cells descended from a single cell

latent infection/primary infection

delay between infection and symptoms. virus is present in the cell without harming the cell. symptoms begin when the virus starts to actively replicate, and new viruses exiting the host cell can cause cell death.

spread of disease

direct contact (contact of an infected person with and uninfected person), indirect contact (infected person infects someone without contact i.e. sneezing or coughing), contaminated food or water (hep A), animal vectors ( a vector is an animal that carries a disease from one host to another i.e. lyme disease), intravenous drug use (share a needle i.e. HIV and hep c)

fungi

eukaryotic organisms with a well defined nucleus. body cells are eaten by the fungi which causes diseases. can cause lung infections

Antibiotics kill only pathogenic bacteria. true false

false

pandemic

global outbreak of disease. HIV/AIDS is considered one

___________ is the chemical released by mast cells and basophils that produces most of the symptoms of an allergy

histamine

active immunity

immune resistance in which the body actively participates by producing memory B cells and memory T cells after exposure to an antigen, either naturally or through vaccination

antibody-mediated immune response

immune system responses conducted by B cells that produce antibodies and that defend primarily against enemies that are free in body fluids, including toxins or extracellular pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses.

cell-mediated immune response

immune system responses conducted by T cells that protect against cellular threats, including body cells that have become infected with viruses or other pathogens and cancer cells

Which of the following produces interferons? bacteria viruses infected cells all of the above

infected cells

prions

infectious particles or proteins (infectious proteins). they cause a group of diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) which are associated with the degeneration of the brain. they called together and clump in the nerve tissue of the brain. spongelike holes develop in the brain which can lead to death.

stages of HIV infection

initial infection, asymptomatic stage, initial diseases symptoms (wasting syndrome (10% drop in body weight), swollen lymph nodes, neurological symptoms (dementia, weakness, pain, burning, paralysis, tingling sensation), early immune failure, and finally AIDS.

effector cell

lymphocytes that are responsible for the attack on cells or substances not recognized as belonging to the body.

______________ are important antigen-presenting cells

macrophages (dendritic cells, B cells)

MHC marker

molecules on the surface of body cells that label the cell as "self"

parasitic worms

multicellular organisms that harm but usually don't kill their hosts. they release toxins into the bloodstream, feed off of blood, or battle the host for food. can cause diseases such as ascariasis, schistosomiasis, and trichinosis. can cause lung damage and severe malnutrition. they can perforate the intestines and cause death.

a cell that kills an unrecognized cell in the body and is part of the nonspecific body defenses is the ____________

natural killer cells

release of viruses

new viruses leave the cell. some viruses leave by a process called budding (or shedding)

assembly of new viruses

newly synthesized viral genetic information and proteins are used to form new viruses

sporadic diseases

occur only occasionally at unpredictable intervals. they can effect a few people within a restricted area

epidemic disease

occurs suddenly ad spreads rapidly to many people. outbreaks of smallpox and cholera are examples

antibodies are produced by ______________

plasma cells

In an allergic response, __________ produce IgE antibodies while _________ secrete histamines. T cells, eosinophils B cells, neutrophils phagocytes, lymphocytes plasma cells, mast cells

plasma cells, mast cells

Upon activation, both B and T lymhocytes proliferate rapidly produce clones of themselves produce memory cells all of the above

proliferate rapidly

lytic infection

rapid release of new viruses from the infected cell causes cell death. symptoms of the disease depend on which cells are killed.

phagocyte

scavenger cells specialized to engulf and destroy particular matter, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or dead cells

emergence or reemergence of diseases

1. development of new organisms that can infect humans and development of drug-resistant organisms 2. environmental change 3. population growth 4. failure to vaccinate

transmission of HIV

1. unprotected sexual activity 2. intravenous drug use 3. infected mother to offspring before, during, and after birth.

1 / 1 pts Which of the following diseases is vector borne? A. Lyme disease B. AIDS C. Malaria A and B A and C B and C A, B and C

A and C

protozoans

single celled eukaryotic organisms with a well defined nucleus. they can cause disease by releasing toxins or enzymes that prevent host cells from functioning normally. responsible for malaria, sleeping sickness, dysentery, and giardiasis.

persistent infection

slow release of new viruses allows the cell to remain alive and continue to produce new viruses for a prolonged period of time

Antibiotic resistance is fostered by A. overprescribing B. agricultural use C. patient non-compliance (improper use) A and B A and C B and C A, B and C

A, B and C

mast cell

small, mobile connective tissue cells often found near blood vessels. in response to injury, they release histamine, which dilates blood vessels and increases blood flow to an area, and heparin, which prevents blood clotting

passive immunity

temporary immune resistance that develops when a person receives antibodies that were produced by another person or animal

B lymphocyte

B cell. a type of white blood cell important in antibody-mediated immune responses that can transform into a plasma cell and produces antibodies.

plasma cell

the effector cell, produced by a B lymphocyte, tat secretes antibodies.

clonal selection

the hypothesis that, by binding to a receptor on a lymphocyte surface, an antigen selectively activates only those lymphocytes able to recognize that antigen and programs that lymphocyte to divide, forming an army of cells specialized to attack the stimulating antigen.

helper T cell

the kind of T lymphocyte that serves as the main switch for the entire immune response by presenting the antigens to B cells and by secreting chemicals that stimulate other cells in the immune system. It is also known as the T4 cell or a CD4 cell, after the receptors on its surface

virus attachment

the virus attaches to a specific receptor on the host cell. this is responsible for host specificity

production of viral genetic info and proteins

the virus directs structures in the host cell to make parts of new viruses.

B cells mature in the bone marrow, while T cells mature in the ________. thyroid thymus thalamus trophoblast

thymus