chapter 14: Abnormal Psych

In order to be categorized with Major depressive episode:

Five or more of these symptoms for at least 2 weeks: -Depressed mood for most of the day -Loss of interest in normal daily activities (ANHEDONIA: loss of interest in things you used to find pleasure in; you normally enjoyed these activities all the sudden you don't ) -Significant weight change -Change in activity level -Daily fatigue or loss of energy -Negative self-concept -Trouble concentrating or making decisions -Suicidal thoughts

flat affect:

not sad but flat-no emotion

agoraphobia

(fear of public places) -avoids public places out of fear that an anxiety attack will occur (restricts normal activities)

The 5 axis of the DSM: "Axis" = Rating dimension Involve a wide range of factors including medical history, functioning in daily life

(how the DSM 4 and 3 worked) 1)Common psychological disorders 2)Personality disorders 3)General medical conditions 4)Psychosocial and environmental problems 5)Global assessment of functioning scale DSM 5 kind of put axis 1 and 2 together

Insanity

-A legal term defined as inability to understand that certain actions are wrong at the time of a crime -Under this definition, people with disorders may be judged legally sane -Famous cases in which the insanity defense succeeded: John Hinckley Jr., Jeffrey Dahmer (look up) Used in < 1% of criminal felony cases

3---G] Environmental Factors

-Do people learn to act abnormally? -Role of culture -A culture that emphasizes thinness may predispose you to an eating disorder -Cultural background may influence the kinds of delusions seen in schizophrenia -Conditioning may play a role as well -Specific phobias may be acquired through classical conditioning or observational learning

E3] genetic influences

-Do some people inherit predispositions toward developing disorders? -Genetic component of schizophrenia: -Likelihood of having it increases with closeness of a relative who also has it -Highest likelihood for identical twin (chances are 1 in 2) -Similar pattern for depression, bipolar disorder

B3] Dissociative identity disorder (DID):

-Individual alternates between what appear to be two or more distinct identities or personalities -Also known as multiple personality disorder -Recognized by DSM-IV-TR, but not all clinicians believe in it --Some symptoms can be faked; others, such as optical changes, less easy to fake --Some clinicians view it as role-playing -usually have 8 or more personalities -idea behind it is something traumatic happened to someone when they were young so they use another identity to escape and cope and defend from the traumatic experience

Schizophrenia

-Involves fundamental disturbances in thought processes, emotion, and/or behavior -Complex disorder that may be expressed in a variety of ways -Diagnosis comes from a variety of symptoms

B2] Dissociative fugue:

-Loss of personal identity, often accompanied by a flight from home -fugue is amnesia with "fleeing" involved (episodic memory loss) (ex: you can ski but you have no idea when and where you learned it) -his 2 movie examples don't work because they involved physical reasons for memory loss

Antisocial personality disorder

-little, if any, respect for social laws, customs, or norms -you don't see the worth in people "this person isn't part of my plan, kill him"

Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia:

-negative: something is taken away (ex: hallucinations that aren't real) -Elimination or reduction of normal behavior -Flat affect: Little or no emotional reaction to events -Refusing to take care of self

Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia:

-positive : something that shows up (ex: Delusions: entire ideas that aren't real) -Observable expressions of abnormal behavior -Hallucinations (most often auditory) -Delusions -Disorganized speech

What is the criteria for abnormality

1) statistical deviance 2) Cultural deviance 3) Emotional distress 4) Dysfunction -"Abnormal" behavior not a rigid category

types of personality disorders:

1Paranoid personality disorder 2Narcissistic personality disorder 3Antisocial personality disorder 4Borderline Personality disorder

Dysfunction

A breakdown in normal functioning: abnormal behaviors are those that prevent one form pursuing adaptive strategies

Define Anxiety Disorder and name them:

A class of disorders Marked by excessive apprehension, and worry which then impairs normal functioning: 1) generalized anxiety disorder 2)panic disorder 3) agoraphobia 4)phobic disorder (specific phobia) 5)social anxiety disorder 6)Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Common psychological disorders

Axis I: Examples: Schizophrenia, depression -- mental retardation is now called cognitive impairment or intellectual delay

Personality disorders

Axis II: Example: Paranoid personality disorder

General medical conditions

Axis III: Example: Diseases of the circulatory system

Psychosocial and environmental problems

Axis IV: Example: Homelessness

Global assessment of functioning scale

Axis V: (GAF)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition

DSM-IV-TR: -Used for the diagnosis and classification of psychological disorders -Intended to give objective, measurable criteria for diagnosing disorders -Does not suggest therapies or treatments -Does not discuss possible causes

C1] Bipolar Disorder:

Disordered mood shifts in two directions, from depression to manic state (Bipolar disorder used to be called manic depression : you have 2 poles hyper-manic (depression) and mania) --Manic state: Person becomes hyperactive, talkative, decreased need for sleep --Manic state must last at least a week to be classified as such, but may last for months (traditional def) --Note that functioning is often severely impaired

E1] neurotransmitter imbalances

Dopamine excess in schizophrenia Serotonin involved in mood disorders, but exactly how is less clear

generalized anxiety disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder: "excessive worrying or Free-floating" anxiety, chronic worrying lasting over 6 months(can't be attributed to any one source) -"free floating" meaning one week you're obsessed with this but another week you're obsessed with that

phobic disorder (specific phobia)

Highly focused fear of a specific object or situation (Example: Irrational fear of snakes) -diagnosed when it effects your day to day living or its really irrational (ex: lady scared of ocean because she felt dead dinosaurs were still in there) (to help towards the phobia there are steps)

B1] Dissociative amnesia:

Inability to remember important personal information -Generally **psychological in origin

F1] maladaptive attributions

Internal, stable, global attributions for negative experiences may play a role in depression

Diagnostic labeling effects:

Labels for psychological problems can become self-fulfilling prophecies --Make it difficult to recognize normal behavior when it occurs --May increase likelihood of abnormal behavior *EX: Rosenhan (1973): Participants faked disorders (schizophrenia) to enter psychiatric ward but then acted totally normal --Other patients saw through the deception, but staff did not and even interpreted their normal behavior as abnormal

F2] sense of hopelessness

Learned helplessness: Acquired when people repeatedly fail in attempts to control environment May also contribute to depression

A1] Somatization disorder:

Long-lasting preoccupation with body symptoms that have no physical cause (no psychical reality for the cause)

Hypochondriasis

Long-lasting preoccupation with idea that one has a serious disease, based on misinterpretation of normal body reactions

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Persistent, uncontrollable thoughts (obsessions) or compelling need to perform repetitive acts (compulsions) (Examples: Excessive cleaning, checking) -people with ocd get that it doesn't make sense but they cant help to doubt and obsess

C] Mood disorders

Prolonged, disabling disruptions in emotional state

A] Somatoform Disorders (somatic symptom disorders)

Psychological disorders that focus on the physical body -these disorders can be associated with specific body complaints (like continuing pain) and/or excessive worry about the possibility of contracting a serious disease -somatization: the focus is more on the symptoms than on the fear (not the same as hypochondriac) - when it comes to gender its somewhat more frequently in women but not really (koro is an ex of an exception)

panic disorder

Recurrent discrete episodes or attacks of extremely intense fear or dread: --Many physical symptoms such as chest pains --May be associated with agoraphobia

E2] structural problems

Structural problems in the brain: Schizophrenia associated with enlarged ventricles

Medical Model:

View that abnormal behavior is symptomatic of underlying "disease" that can be "cured" with appropriate therapy A widely held view, but some question it: -Causes of mental illness often unclear -Social, cultural context of symptoms is important, more so than for physical illness -were seeing more similar with physical and mental illness but we used to believe we could find a scientific answer to mental

Statistical Deviance

a criterion of abnormality stating that a behavior is abnormal if it occurs infrequently among the members of a population

Cultural Deviance

a criterion of abnormality stating that a behavior is abnormal if it violates the rules or accepted standards of society

Emotional distress

a criterion of abnormality stating that abnormal behaviors are those that lead to personal distress or emotional upset

Major depressive episode

a type of disorder characterized by depressed mood and other symptoms

Narcissistic personality disorder

an exaggerated sense of entitlement, which leads to excessive attempts to attract and be the focus o attention

depression VS bipolar VS schizophrenia

depression: is being sad when everything in your life is going right VS schizophrenia: breaking from reality VS bipolar: may have hallucination s but main point is up as and downs the depressed state and high state

B] Dissociative Disorders

disruptions of identity or awareness: -a class of disorders Characterized by separation, or dissociation, of conscious awareness from previous thoughts or memories -dissociating from reality in some way -all are NOT due to physical damage or trauma to brain

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of being watched,judged, and embarrassed in social situations

manic state:

lots of energy, feels great, doesn't need sleep going crazy with like buying a car, doing things that feel invincible

2---F] Cognitive Factors:

our beliefs and styles of thought- such as maladaptive attributions and sense of hopelessness internal : like if you get a test back and blame yourself you're more likely to be depressed VS if you get a test back and say oh thats the teachers fault they asked the wrong questions culture can play a role like eating disorders (ex: video when lady talked about jesus)

D] Personality Disorders:

personality disorders in general: tend to be steady- don't change or get better (Chronic, enduring patterns of behavior leading to significant impairment in social functioning-- Tendency to act inflexibly)

Borderline Personality disorder

problems with emotional regulation, social relationships, and sense of self (associated w poor self image, aggression, self injury, substance abuse,

C2] depressive disorders

prolonged and disabling disruptions in emotional state

1-- E] Biological Factors:

psychological problems, particularly in the brain. could include neurotransmitter imbalances, structural problems, and genetic influences --if you lower the dopamine its parkinsons: too high its schizophrenia (DOPAMINE THEORY OR SOMETHING FROM REVIEW SHEET) Both nature and future

Suicide

suicide is: one possible consequence of mood disorders, including bipolar disorder -2nd/3rd leading cause of death among adolescents, eighth leading among all ages -Risk factors besides mood disorders include alcohol/chemical/drug use, stressful events -Another major predictor: Prior suicide attempts and thoughts (means that they have been depressed enough that they were suicidal and act on it so if they're low again they'll try again) - past behavior is a predictor of future behavior

bio-psycho-social perspective:

the idea that psychological disorders are influenced or cause, by a combo of biological, psychological (cognitive), and social (environmental) factors

A2] Conversion disorder:

type of somatic symptom disorder: Real physical problems that seem to have no physical cause ex: globanestesia = when someone ha a numb hand even though its not biologically possible so it means that they have psychological trauma (note the person isn't faking it but theres no physical cause for it) convert psychological trauma to a physical manifestation (another ex: lady macbeth hallucinating blood on her hands)

Paranoid personality disorder

you think everyone is out to get you

hypermanic state:

you're not as manic watched a clip that was VERY similar to schizophrenia - sometimes with bipolar the manic phase can have hallucinations