chapter 14 honors western civ

Who was a master of RealPolitik, or realistic politics based on the needs of the state. He also strenghtened the army

Otto von Bismarck

Spurred by the ideas of liberalism and nationalism, revolutionaries fought against the_____ ___

Old order

Three ways germany possesssed several characteristics that made industrialization possible

-Ample iron and coal resources -disciplined and educated work force -rapidly growing population

Three things about French REvolutin of 1830

-Charles X is believer in absolutism, legislature, limited voting, restricted press -Liberals and radicals rebelled and took control of Paris -moderate liberals put in place a consittional monarchy and chose louis philipe as king

compare and contrast the regional differences of northern and southern Italy. Similarities Differences

-Few Italians felt ties to the new nation, Italians have no traditions of political unity, and both have strong regional rivalries. -The north was richer than the south and the north had more cities than the south. The northern Italian cities had flourished while southern cities were rural and poor. The souths population was booming but illiterate peasants could extract only a meager existence from the exhausted farmland.

Six things about William II and his power

-He asked BIsmarck to resign, shocks Europe "there is only one master in the Reich" -resisted democratic reform -Porvided services such as programs for social security, cheap transportation, public schools, and electricity -spent heavily on the German military machine -launced on ambitious campaign to expand the German navy and win an overseas empire.

Two things aboiut Prussia

-IN Prussia, liberals forced King Frederick William IV to agree to a constiutiion by an elected assembly -with a year, Frederick dissolved the assembly and issued his own consituiton keeping power in his own hands

Three things about Austria

-In Austira, caused Metternich to resing -THe Austrian government agreed to reforms, bu thtese gains were temporary -with russian help, austrian forces defeated the rebels. Many were imprisoned, executed, or exiled.

Three things about war on catholics and bismarck

-Kulturekamp "war for civilization" -targetted the Catholic CHurch (backfires0 -Lutheran Bismarck felt their loyalty was to Pope and not Germany

Three things about war on socialists and BIsmarck

-Late 1870s German Marxists organized Social Democratic Pary -Bismarck feared that Socialsts would undermine the loyalty of German workers and turn them toward revolution -Bismarck represses Socialists but plan backfires

three things about Italy

-Nationalists in Italy rebelled against Austrian Hapsburgs -THey expledded hte pope and installed a natoinalist government -before long, Austrian troops ousted the new govement and the French army restored the pope to power

How were the views of Cavour, Mazzini, and Garibaldi alike? How were they different?

-They are all alike because they are all nationalists who wanted to reform Italy and gain more freedoms. -They were different because Mazzini wanted one, free, and independent nation, Cavour wanted to end Austrian power in Italy and annex the provinces of Lombardy and Venetia as his main goal, and Garibaldi wanted the same as Mazzini, but was quick to accept aid from Cavour

Two thnigs about basic political organization of the new Germam empire

-William I was given the title Kaiser, or emporer -in 1871, German nationalists proclaimed the birth of the Second Reich, or empire

Three things about opposing ideologies with congress of vienna

-at the congress of vienna, the powers of Europe tried to turn the block back to the way things had been vefore 1789 -other voices, however,kept challening the order imposed by the Congress of vienna -the clash of people with opposing ideologies, or systems of thought and bleif, plunged Europe into more than 30 years of turmoil.

Four things about why Uprisings Failed

-by 1850, the rebellions had faded ending the age of liberal revolution that had begun in 1789 -rulers used military force to suppress uprisings -revolutionaries did not have mass support -a growing gulf divided workers seeking radical econmic change and liberals pursuing moderate political reforms.

Three things about the key obstacles to Italian unity

-for centuries, Italy has bene a battleground for ambiitous foreign and local princes. Frequent warfare and foreign rule had led people to identify with local regions -the congress of vienna divided Italy up among Austrian rulers, hapsburg monarchs, and a French Bourban king -1820 - 1848 nationalist attempts to expel Austrian forces fronm Northern Italy were repatedly crushed

Five thihings about what LIberals wanted

-goverment based on written consitutiosna nd separted of powers -natural rights of liberty, equalityy,and prosperity -rulers elected by the people and rsponsible to them -a republican form of government -laissez-faire economics

One things about BIsmarck passing labor laws to help workers

-health and acccident insurance, social security, makes workers happy and hurts Socialist omvement

Three things about tides of nationalism in Italy

-ideas grow quicklly when watered by blood of martyers/.>; -unification make sense due to geogrpahy, language, and history -glory of old / others felt it made practical economic sense

Three things about revolts after 1815

-in the balkans, first servia, won autonmy under and later greece fought for and won indpeendence form their ottoman rulers -in spain, portuagal, and various states in the italian peninsula, rebels struggles to gain consitutional governments -in response, a french army marched over the pyranese to suppress the revolts in Spain. Austrian forcds crossed the Alps to smash rebellious outbreaks in Italy.

five thigns about Louis XVII

-issues new consitutino with legislature and free press -but king has more power -conservatives: wanted absolute monarchy -liberals: more suffrage and power for middle class -radicals: favored a republic

Three things about challenges faced by new Italy nation?

-italy had no tradition of unity. strong regional ties left italy unable to solve critical national issues -an enormous gap existed between the north which was richer and had more cities and the south which wa poor and rural -In the late 1800s. unrest increased as radicals and the left sturggles against conservatives onthe rights

Four things about Italian unification and Gariabldi red shirts

-long time nationalist leader who wanted to create Italian republic -captured Sicily and Naples and turned them over to Victor Emmanuel II -was crowned king of italy -ventia wa added to italy after austria prussia war and orme after 1870 after france prussia war

five things about what nationalists wanted

-national groups who shared a common heritage ste out ot win their own states -gave people witha common heritage asense of identity -neagtives of nationalism -led to intolerance -and persecution of other ethnic or ational groups

Four things about Cavour

-prime minister of Sadiia; believed in RealPolitik -goal: end Asutria power in Italy and annex its prvinces of Lombardy and Venetia -Led Sardinia to provke a war with Austria -with help from France, Sardinia defeated Asutria and annexed Lombardy and other areas

four things about conservatives goals

-restores familes to the thonres -maintain a social hierarchy in which lower classes respected and obeyed their social superiors -mainatian an established curch -Against consitutional government and natural rights

Four thigns about how German government promoted economic development

-single currency -organized banking system -coordinated railroads -taxed foregn goods to promote German goods

Two thigns about new Bismarck's new two house legislature

-the Bundesrat or upper house was appointed by the rulers of the German states could veto decicisonis of lower house -the Reichstag, or lower house, was elected by universal male suffrage

four things about how revolution spread in 1830?

-the revolts in Paris inspired uprisings elsewheare in Europe -most were suppressed by military force -but there and there, rebels did win changes from conservative governments -evenwhen they failed, revolutionaries frightened rulers badly eough to cenouarge reform later in the century

Two things about foreign policy goals with BIsmarck

-wanted to keep France weak and isolated while building strong links with Austria -Later, Bismarck competed with Britain for colonie to expand Germany's overseas empire

three things about revolution occur in France in 1848?

-when the government tried too silence critics and prevent public meetings angry crowds tok to the stress -revolutionary lleaders proclaimed a Second Republic -Napolean II established 2nd Empire

Giuseppe Garibaldi

: A long time nationalist and an ally of Mazzini. He wanted to create an Italian republic and did not hesitate to accept aid from Cavour

Radical

: People who favor extreme change.

Anarchist

: People who wanted to abolish all government.

Annex

: to take control of

universal manhood suffrage

All adult men the right to vote.

Napoleon III

Also known as Louise Napoleon, who proclaimed himself emperor and ended the Second Republic. He used a plebiscite to gain votes and he would restore the days of Napoleon Bonaparte. Economic growth also increased during this time period. For the bourgeoisie, this mean prosperity and contentment during the Second Empire.

15. What effect did nationalist unrest have on the Austro-Hungarian government?__

As a result of the nationalist unity, the government suffered from political and social problems

Why did Garibaldi give Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel?

At first, Cavour urges Victor Emmanuel to send Sardinian troops to deal with Garibaldi. Instead, the Sardinians overran the papal states and teamed up with Garibaldi. To be patriotic, Garibaldi turned over Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel.

12. Describe what Austria and Hungary agreed to

Austria and Hungary decided to each have its own constitution and parliament. Francis Joseph ruled both but they shared ministries of finance, defense and foreign affairs.

What happeed with German unification in 1864

BIsmarck allied with Austria and took the provinces of schlewwig and Holstien from Denmark

WHat happened with German unification in 1866

Bismarck defeated Austria in THe Austro Prussian war, then annexed several north German states

What happened in 1870 with the German unification timeline

Bismarck povoked France into the Franco Prussian war. He quickly claimed victory and gets Alsace and Lorraine from France

How did the emperor and his chancellor retain power in the new German government?

Bismarck set up a two house legislature, the Bundesrat, or the upper house, was appointed by the rulers of the German states. The Reichstag, or lower house, was elected by universal male suffrage. Still, the new German nation was far from democratic and because the Bundesrat could veto any decision of the Reichstag, real power remained in the hands of the emperor and his chancellor.

Why was Bismarck known as the "Iron Chancellor"?

Bismarck was known as the Iron Chancellor because he applied the same ruthless methods he had used to achieve unification. He sought ot erase local loyalties and crush all opposition to the imperial state.

Kulturkampf

Bismarck wrote this book in response to what he saw as the Catholic threat. It means "battle of civilization."

Otto von Bismarck

Came from Prussia's Junker class. He first served Prussia as a diplomat in Russia and France and then became a prime minister to King William I in 1871. Then, he became a chancellor in Germany.

By the late 1800s, German __________ _____ _______ industries were setting the standard worldwide. German _____ was second only to Britan's among the EUropean powers.

Chemical and electrical; shipping

6. What Slavic groups comprised half of the population

Czechs, Croats, Poles, Serbs, Slovenes, Slovaks, Ukrainians, and Romanians comprised half the population.

Kaiser:

Emperor.

Challengin the conservatives at every turn were liberals and naitonalists who were inspired by the _____and the ____

Enlightenmens; french revolution

11. What did Hungarian leader Francis Deak help create?_

Francis Deak created a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

Mazzini "young italy" nationalist leader "risorgimento" establisehd Republic in Rome;___)_______

French crush it

List the geographic, cultural, and economic reasons for Italian unification

Geographically, people in Italy share a common language and history. Culturally, nationalists reminded Italy of ancient Rome and the medieval papacy. Economically, it would end trade barriers among the Italian states.

What factors allowed Germany to grow into an industrial giant?

Germany had ample iron and coal resources as well as a disciplined and educated work force. The German middle class and educated professionals helped to create a productive and efficient society that prided itself on its sense of responsibility and deference to authority. The growing population also provided a huge home market along with larger supply of industrial workers.

17. Which 2 Balkan states won autonomy in the 1800's?_

Greece and Serbia won autonomy in the 1800s.

How did Napoleon's invasions affect Germany?

He annexed lands along the Rhine River for France and dissolved the Holy Roman Empire by forcing the emperor of Austria to agree to the lesser title of king. He also organized a number of German states into the Rhine Confederation.

9. Why did Franz Joseph make some limited reforms?_

He made limited reforms because to strengthen his empire at home.

William II:

He succeeded his grandfather as Kaiser and wished to put his own stamp on Germany. He asked the dominating Bismarck to resign.

Belgium forced to be part of _________ and becaomes na indpendent state with a liberal _____

Hollan by Congress of Vienna; Constitution

13. How did other groups feel about the agreement?_

Hungarians welcomed the ideas while other Slavic people resented it and felt that unity and liberty can only be achieved through full separation

Explain how Bismarck's persistence in strengthening the Prussian army helped to unify Germany.

In response to the liberals refusing to vote for funds for the military, Bismarck strengthened the army with money that had been collected for other purpose. With a powerful military, he was the ready to pursue an aggressive foreign policy and over the next decade, Bismarck led Prussia into three wars. Each war increased Prussian prestige and power and paved the way for German unity.

What happened to the Ottomans during the 1800's?

In the 1800s, various subject people staged revolts against the Ottomans in hope to set up their own independent state.

Pland ________ In poland stage an uprising in 1830. However, the rebels failed to gain widespread suport, ad were brutally crushed by Russian forces

Nationalists

Louis Kossuth

Journalist who led Hungarian nationalists to demand an independent government, an end to serfdom, ad a written constitution.

Louis Philippe

King chosen by liberals to start a constitutional Monarchy. He was also the cousin of Charles X. Also known as the "citizen king" because he owed his throne to the people.

What is the 1848 Frankfurt Assembly

Liberals offered the throne of a united German states to Frederick William IV of Prussia, but he refused it

What did Mazzini mean by this quote: "Ideas grow quickly when watered by the blood of martyrs"?

Mazzini means that although a revolution had failed, nationalist agitation had planted seeds for future harvests. This means that the ideas of nationalism will last a while and will diffuse throughout Italy because these ideas benefit the Italians. A united Italy makes sense because Italians share a common history and langue. This also makes sense because of economic purposes such as trade and industry among Italian states.

Emigration

Movement away from a homeland.

Recession:

Period of reduced economic activity.

Bismarck dissolved Austrian led German Confderation and creared a new confderation dominated by ___

Prussia

What economic changes in the 1830s promoted German unity?

Prussia created an economic union called the Zollverein, which dismantled tariff barriers between many German states. Liberals also met and demanded German political unity. They offered the throne of a united German state to Frederick William IV of Prussia.

14. Draw Conclusions Why were most of the rebellions in 1848 unsuccessful?

Rebellions in 1848 were unsuccessful because revolutionaries did not have enough support. Also, opposing goals divided liberals, who wanted moderate political reforms and workers who sought radical economic changes. Rules did not hesitate to use force to destroy uprisings as well.

What ideals did the revolutionaries have in common?

Revolutionaries had ideas of gaining independence and freedom and rights from revolting against foreign powers.

20. How did each of the following countries take Ottoman lands?

Russia-___They pushed south toward the Black Sea and Istanbul. __________________________________________________________________________ Austria- Hungary-_Took the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ___________________________________________________________________ Britain and France-___Set their sights in the Middle East and North Africa.

Why did Sardinia ally itself first with France and then, later, with Prussia against France?

Sardinia first allied itself with France to fight against Russia during the Crimean War. Then, Sardinia went with Prussia against France because Italy formed an alliance with Prussia after Cavour's death. As a result, during the Franco-Prussia war, Sardinia went against France.

14. What did Slavic nationalists do?__

Slavic nationalists called on other Slavics to unite and insisted that only through liberty, equality, and fraternity could Slavs achieve their duties.

Growing power of ______ posed a threat to the new German states

Socialism

Ideology

Systems of thought and belief.

How did the German government support economic development?

The German government issued a single currency system for Germany, reorganized the banking system, and coordinated railroads built by the various German states.

16. Describe the ethnic and geographic make-up of the Ottoman Empire?_

The Ottoman Empire stretched from _Eastern Europe and the Balkans to North Africa and the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire was home to Romanians, Greeks, Serbs, and Bulgarians,

18. List 4 groups of people the Ottomans ruled?__

The Ottomans ruled Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, and Serbia.________________________________________

8. What did the Austrians do when nationalists revolts broke out in 1848

The government crushed the revolts.

Chancellor

The highest official

Identify the origins of socialism in Germany

The origins were in the late 1870's when German Marxists had organized the Social Democratic party, which called for parliamentary democracy and laws to improve conditions for the working class.

After Charles X fled to England, radicals and liberals had different ideas about how to establish the new French government. Explain their differences and how these differences impacted the Revolution of 1848.

The radicals wanted to set up a republic but the liberals wanted a constitutional monarchy. As a result, liberal politicians filled his governments. The upper bourgeoisie prospered and Louis only extended suffrage to wealthier citizens. Most people could still not vote and the king's policies also favored the middle class at the expense of the workers.

How were the revolts in Serbia, Greece, Spain, Portugal, and the Italian states similar?

The revolts in these areas were similar because all of the people revolting wanted independence, national identity, liberty, and equal rights and freedoms.

4. What else was disturbing to the old order?___

The urgent demand of nationalism disturbed the old order.

1. What did nationalist feelings among people ruled by the Austrian Hapsburghs and the Ottoman Turks contribute to?__

These feelings contributed to tensions building across Europe through subjects.

3. What problems did Austria face by the growth of factories?

They faced the growth of cities, worker discontent, and the stirrings of socialism.

4. Summarize Explain why Liberals supported laissez-faire economics.

They supported the laissez-faire economy because saw the free market as an opportunity for capitalist entrepreneurs to succeed.

How were the "February Days" and the "June Days" similar and different?

They were both similar because in both cases, angry workers took the streets. However, in February Days, workers were upset because the government took steps to silence critics and prevent public meetings. In June Days, middle and upper-class saw them as a waste of money and shut them down. In February Days, the workers were more successful, however, in June Days, more people died.

List two ways that Bismarck and Kaiser William II were similar and one way they were different.

They were similar because they both strengthened the military and they both did not support socialists. They are different because Kaiser William II believed it was his divine right to rule while Bismarck did not.

7. Often rival groups shared the same region. What problems could this cause?

This could cause intolerance among groups because each groups has their own nationalist ideas. These ideas could cause segregation and prejudice toward other groups that are dissimilar to that group.

How did the Italian government try to contain political unrest in the late 1800s?

To contain political unrest, the government extended suffrage to more men and passed laws to improve social conditions. To distract attention from the growing problems, the government set out ot win an overseas empire in Ethiopia.

List two causes and two effects of the 1848 revolutions in Europe. Use evidence from the text to support your answer.

Two reasons for the cause of the revolution is "discontent grew when a recession hit France" and "Factories closed and workers lost their jobs. Poor harvests led to rising food prices." One result of this revolution was a constitution. The text states, "It created a strong president and a one-house legislature. But it also gave the vote to all adult men." Another result it, "France triggered a wave of revolutions across Europe."

Camillo Cavour

Unification was brought about by the efforts of a strong state and this shrewd and ruthless politician. He came from a noble family but favored liberal goals. He was a flexible, practical, crafty, politician who was willing to use all means to achieve his goals.

7. Explain the causes that led to the French Revolution of 1830.

When Charles X took over, he was a strong believer in absolutism. As a result, he suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote, and restricted the press.

The revolutions of 1830 and 1848 were the result of new ways of thinking and hard times for workers. Could one of these factors by itself have caused such widespread rebellion? Why or why not?

Yes, it could have. For example, if a new way of thinking was simply better rights and freedoms for workers and to be equal, people would definitely revolt. Humans cannot be constricted or contained and that is what inequality does to people. To have equality and have the same freedoms as others, people will fight for a good cause.

in the 1830's, Prussia created an economic union called the ______

Zollverein

10. What was the problem with the legislature he set up under a new constitution?__

_This legislature was only German-speaking , so it did not satisfy the needs of the other ethnic groups.____________

List three reasons why Conservatives preferred the old order. Cite evidence from the text to support your answer.

a. They benefit from the old order. b. Supported a hierarchy where lower classes respect and obey their social superiors. c. Natural rights only lead to chaos.

Absolutism

belief of complete and unrestricted power in government.

In 1850s and 1860s, Germans had gounded large companies and _____ many railroads

built

In 1862, Bismarck was made a _______, or prime minsiter of Prussia. Within a decade, Bismarck had united the German states under Prussia

chancellor

Germany was first to see the value of applied science in developing new products such as synthetic ____ and __

chemicals; dyes

2. The Hapsburghs upheld _________________ goals against ____________ forces. They also limited ____________ development which they felt would threaten _____

conservative; liberal; industrial; traditional way of life

between 1807 and 1812, Napolean made importatnt eriitorial changes in German speaking lands. many Germans resented anpoleon and his chnages. As people fought to free theirlands from French rule, they bange to ______

demand a unified state

What as the domestic goal of Bismarck

erase local loyalites and cursh all oppositoin to the imperial state

one things about RIsorgimento

leaadership of movement passed to kingdom of Sardinia VIctor Emmanuel II

What is blood and iron

plan to unite Germany Based on German "Blood" and Prussian "Iron"

social welfare

programs provided by the state for the benefit of its citizens.

5. The Hapsburghs presided over a multinational empire. Fewer than a_________ of its 50 million people were _______________ speaking Austrians.

quarter; German

Realpolitik

realistic politics based on the needs of the state

Called the Iron Chancellor, Bismarck applied _____ methods to achieve his goals

ruthless

Autonomy:

self-rule

Reich:

the Empire.

Three thigns about nationalism

• An outgrowth of the Enlightenment. • National groups who shared a common heritage demanded their own state and gave people sense of identity. • Often bred intolerance and led to persecution of other ethnic or national groups.

four things about liberalism

• Business owners, bankers, lawyers, politicians, writers • Wanted governments to be based on written constitutions and separation of powers. • Defended natural rights such as liberty and equality and property rights and freedom of religion. • Support laissez-faire government

four things about conservatism

• Wanted the old order. • Supported social hierarchy. -Believed their own interest benefitted everyone else. - did not like freedom of the press.