Chapter 14: Psychosocial Development In Middle Childhood
Conflicts
How parents and children resolve_____ is sometimes more than the specific outcomes.
Representational Systems
In neo-piagetian terminology, the third stage in the development of self-definition, characterized by breadth, balance, and the integration and assessment of various aspects of the self.
70.5%
In, 2005 _____ of mothers with children under 18 were in the workforce.
Self-Esteem
Industry Verses Inferiority
Protective factors
Influences that reduce the impact of early stress and tend to predict positive outcomes
Emotional Self-Regulation
Involves effortful (voluntary) control of emotions, attention, and behavior. Pro-social children tend to act more appropriately in social situations, to be relatively free from negative emotions , and cope with problems constructively.
Popular Children
Kids who are more liked and most often picked as friends
Disruptive Conduct Disorders/55.7%
Made up of _____of children diagnosed with emotional, behavioral, and developmental problems
Anxiety and Mood Disorder/43.5%
Made up of____ of children diagnosed with emotional, behavioral, and developmental problems.
Hostile Attribution Bias
Tendency for someone to perceive others as trying to hurt him or her and to strike out in retaliation or self-defense
Trippled
The annual number of divorce in the U.S. has ___ since 1960.
employment
The more satisfied a mother is with the status of her ____, the more the more effectively she is likely to be as a parent.
The Child In The Family
The most important influences of the family environment on children's development come from the atmosphere within the home.
Adults (teacher and Parents
The one cognitive assumption shared by both bullies and victims is that ______ will not intervene
Play Therapy
Therapeutic approach in which a child plays freely while a therapist observes and occasionally comments, asks questions, or makes suggestions.
Art Therapy
Therapeutic approach that allows a child to express troubled feelings without words, using art materials and media
Behavior Therapy
Therapeutic approach using principles of learning theory to encourage desired behaviors or eliminate undesired ones; also called behavior modification.
Coregulation
Transitional stage in the control of behavior in which parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment-to-moment self- regulation.
Prejudice
Unfavorable attitude toward members of certain groups outside one's own, especially racial or ethnic groups
School Phobia
Unrealistic fear of going to school; may be a form of separation anxiety disorder or social phobia
1 Million Children / Boys
With more than _____ _____ involved in a divorce each year, their adjustment depends, in part, on the child's age or maturity level, gender (____ have more conduct problems), temperament, and psychosocial adjustment before the divorce.
Family Structure / 20%
____ has undergone dramatic changes in the U.S., with about ____ of children living households with no fathers.
Poor Children
_____ are more likely than others to have emotional and behavioral problems.
Paternal / Mother's
_____ is a growing trend though _____ still have a higher likelihood of being awarded custody.
17% / 33% & 29%
_____ of children age 17 and younger (___ African american and_____ Hispanic) lived in poverty in 2004.
Step
_____-families (kids have lower sense of well-being)
Boy/Girls
______ bullies are bigger and typically use physical aggression, whereas ____ are more verbal and often use relational aggression
Adoptive
______ families (kids score higher on IQ tests)
Frequency / Father-Child Relationship
______ of contact with the father is not as important than the quality of the ______ _____.
Co-Habitating
_______ families (kids have worse emotional, behavioral, and academic outcomes)
Bullies
_______' popularity and school success fades, and peers become more critical of their behavior; in reaction,____ become even more hostile
Boy and Girl
_________ bullies are both personally disliked although they may be perceived as among the most popular in the class.
Victims of Bullying
______are anxious, depressed, cautious, quiet, submissive, and underachieving during the months and years of their torment; there is also a drop in self-esteem and an increase in loneliness.
School Aged-Children/Adults/Child/Parental
_____are more vulnerable than _____ to the influence of televised violence, especially if the ___ believes the violence is real, identifies with the violent character, find the violent character attractive, and watches the violence without ____ supervision
Social Phobia
extreme fear/or avoidance of social situations; may also contribute to school phobia.
One-Parent
living with ______ (lag behind kids living with two parents both socially and educationally)
Grandparents
living with _______ (age differences between children and ______ becomes a barrier)
Gay and Lesbian Parents/Heterosexual
living with _______ (no differences compared to kids living with ______ parents)
Married Parents
living with two continuously _______ (all things being equal, this yields the best overall outcomes)
Childhood Depression
mood disorder characterized by such symptoms as prolonged sense of friendlessness, inability to have fun or concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or apathy, feelings of worthlessness, weight change, physical complaints, and thoughts of death or suicide.
Positive Effects
(Peer Group) Children develop skills needed for sociability and intimacy; gain a sense of belonging; become motivated to achieve; attain a sense of identity; learn leadership, communication skills, roles, and rules; gain freedom to make independent judgements; helps children to get along in society.
Gender Differences/Boys/Girls
(Peer Group) ______ peer groups are larger where they engage in more gender-typed activities with competition and leadership hierarchies;______ peer groups engage in cross-gender activities characterized by more prosocial interactions and shared confidences.
Negative Effects
(Peer Group) reinforces prejudice (unfavorable attitudes toward perceived outsiders);can foster antisocial tendencies; increases susceptibility to conform to such behaviors as drug use and shoplifting; may prompt children to act against their better judgement.
Ages 6-11
(Reaction to Trauma) Extreme withdrawal; disruptive behavior; inability to pay attention; stomachaches or other symptoms with no physical basis; declining school performance, refusal to go to school; depression, anxiety, guilt, irritability, or emotional numbing; regressive behavior (nightmares, sleep problems, irrational fears, outbursts of anger or fighting)
Age 5 or less
(Reaction to Trauma) Fear of separation from parent; crying, whimpering, screaming, tremblings;immobility or aimless motion; frightened facial expressions; excessive clinging; regressive behaviors (thumb sucking, bed-wetting, fear of dark)
Ages 12-17
(Reaction to Trauma) Flashbacks,nightmares; emotional numbing, confusion; avoidance of reminders of the traumatic event; Revenge fantasies; withdrawal,isolation; substance abuse; problems with peers, antisocial behavior; physical complaints; school avoidance, academic decline; sleep disturbances; depression, suicidal thoughts
Extra familial Context
(Resilient Children/Adolescents) Bonds to prosocial adults outside the family; connections to prosocial organizations; attending effective schools
Family
(Resilient Children/Adolescents) Close relationship to caring parent figure; authoritative parenting: warmth, structure, high expectations; socioeconomic advantages; connections to extended supportive family networks.
Individual
(Resilient Children/Adolescents) Good Intellectual functioning; appealing, sociable, easygoing disposition; self-efficacy, self-confidence, high self-esteem; talents; faith
Individual Psychotherapy
(Treatment Technique) Psychological treatment in which a therapist sees a troubled person one-on-one; may incorporate behavioral techniques, art therapy, play therapy, and/or drug therapy.
Mental Health/ Mental Illness/Mental Disorders
1 in 10 children and adolescents has a diagnosed _______ severe enough to cause some impairment; half of all cases of ____ begin by age 14.
Drug Therapy
Administration of drugs to treat emotional disorders
Bullying
Aggression deliberately and persisting directed against a particular target, or victim, typically one who is weak, vulnerable, and defenseless
Hostile Aggression
Aggressive behavior intended to hurt another person
Instrumental Aggression
Aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal.
80%/77%
Among U.S. middle-school students,_____ have engaged in bullying, and _____ report being victims.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Anxiety aroused by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses, often leading to compulsive ritual behaviors.
Agressive Children
Child is actively rejected by the peer group because of their aggressive, confrontational behavior; peers resist changes made by these children; tend to come from homes where they are mistreated
Withdrawn Children
Child is actively rejected by the peer group because of their withdrawn, anxious behavior; peers resist changes made by these children; tend to come from homes where they are mistreated.
Resilient Children
Children who weather adverse circumstances, function well despite challenges or threats, or bounce back from traumatic events
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Condition involving excessive, prolonged anxiety concerning separation from home or from people to whom the child is attached; may contribute to school phobia.
Parenting Issues
Coregulation
Industry Versus Inferiority
Erikson's fourth crisis of psychosocial development, in which children must learn the productive skills that their culture requires and values or else face feelings of inferiority. A major determinant of self-esteem is children's view of their capacity for productive work.
Neglected Children
No kids pick them as friends, but nobody actively avoids them either; no long term effects as long as there are good family relationships and/or outstanding talents
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance toward adult authority figures. These children constantly fight, argue, lose their temper, blame others, are angry and resentful, have few friends, and are in constant trouble in school
Conduct Disorder/25-50%
Persistent, repetitive pattern of aggressive, anti-social behavior,beginning at an early age, that violates societal norms or the rights of others. Behaviors include truancy, setting fires, habitual lying, fighting, theft, bullying, vandalism,assaults, and drug and alcohol use.______ of these children become antisocial adults with such criminal offenses as mugging, rape, and break-ins.
Family Therapy
Psychological treatment in which a therapist sees the whole family together to analyze patterns of family functioning
Bullying/Hostile Aggression
Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm on another person, especially one who is perceived as weak, vulnerable, or defenseless, through physical (hitting) verbal (name-calling), or social (public mocking) attacks, occurs universally
Self-Concept Development
Representational Systems
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
State of constant tension and worry not focused on any single aspect of life.