Chapter 14: Psychosocial Development In Middle Childhood

Conflicts

How parents and children resolve_____ is sometimes more than the specific outcomes.

Representational Systems

In neo-piagetian terminology, the third stage in the development of self-definition, characterized by breadth, balance, and the integration and assessment of various aspects of the self.

70.5%

In, 2005 _____ of mothers with children under 18 were in the workforce.

Self-Esteem

Industry Verses Inferiority

Protective factors

Influences that reduce the impact of early stress and tend to predict positive outcomes

Emotional Self-Regulation

Involves effortful (voluntary) control of emotions, attention, and behavior. Pro-social children tend to act more appropriately in social situations, to be relatively free from negative emotions , and cope with problems constructively.

Popular Children

Kids who are more liked and most often picked as friends

Disruptive Conduct Disorders/55.7%

Made up of _____of children diagnosed with emotional, behavioral, and developmental problems

Anxiety and Mood Disorder/43.5%

Made up of____ of children diagnosed with emotional, behavioral, and developmental problems.

Hostile Attribution Bias

Tendency for someone to perceive others as trying to hurt him or her and to strike out in retaliation or self-defense

Trippled

The annual number of divorce in the U.S. has ___ since 1960.

employment

The more satisfied a mother is with the status of her ____, the more the more effectively she is likely to be as a parent.

The Child In The Family

The most important influences of the family environment on children's development come from the atmosphere within the home.

Adults (teacher and Parents

The one cognitive assumption shared by both bullies and victims is that ______ will not intervene

Play Therapy

Therapeutic approach in which a child plays freely while a therapist observes and occasionally comments, asks questions, or makes suggestions.

Art Therapy

Therapeutic approach that allows a child to express troubled feelings without words, using art materials and media

Behavior Therapy

Therapeutic approach using principles of learning theory to encourage desired behaviors or eliminate undesired ones; also called behavior modification.

Coregulation

Transitional stage in the control of behavior in which parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment-to-moment self- regulation.

Prejudice

Unfavorable attitude toward members of certain groups outside one's own, especially racial or ethnic groups

School Phobia

Unrealistic fear of going to school; may be a form of separation anxiety disorder or social phobia

1 Million Children / Boys

With more than _____ _____ involved in a divorce each year, their adjustment depends, in part, on the child's age or maturity level, gender (____ have more conduct problems), temperament, and psychosocial adjustment before the divorce.

Family Structure / 20%

____ has undergone dramatic changes in the U.S., with about ____ of children living households with no fathers.

Poor Children

_____ are more likely than others to have emotional and behavioral problems.

Paternal / Mother's

_____ is a growing trend though _____ still have a higher likelihood of being awarded custody.

17% / 33% & 29%

_____ of children age 17 and younger (___ African american and_____ Hispanic) lived in poverty in 2004.

Step

_____-families (kids have lower sense of well-being)

Boy/Girls

______ bullies are bigger and typically use physical aggression, whereas ____ are more verbal and often use relational aggression

Adoptive

______ families (kids score higher on IQ tests)

Frequency / Father-Child Relationship

______ of contact with the father is not as important than the quality of the ______ _____.

Co-Habitating

_______ families (kids have worse emotional, behavioral, and academic outcomes)

Bullies

_______' popularity and school success fades, and peers become more critical of their behavior; in reaction,____ become even more hostile

Boy and Girl

_________ bullies are both personally disliked although they may be perceived as among the most popular in the class.

Victims of Bullying

______are anxious, depressed, cautious, quiet, submissive, and underachieving during the months and years of their torment; there is also a drop in self-esteem and an increase in loneliness.

School Aged-Children/Adults/Child/Parental

_____are more vulnerable than _____ to the influence of televised violence, especially if the ___ believes the violence is real, identifies with the violent character, find the violent character attractive, and watches the violence without ____ supervision

Social Phobia

extreme fear/or avoidance of social situations; may also contribute to school phobia.

One-Parent

living with ______ (lag behind kids living with two parents both socially and educationally)

Grandparents

living with _______ (age differences between children and ______ becomes a barrier)

Gay and Lesbian Parents/Heterosexual

living with _______ (no differences compared to kids living with ______ parents)

Married Parents

living with two continuously _______ (all things being equal, this yields the best overall outcomes)

Childhood Depression

mood disorder characterized by such symptoms as prolonged sense of friendlessness, inability to have fun or concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or apathy, feelings of worthlessness, weight change, physical complaints, and thoughts of death or suicide.

Positive Effects

(Peer Group) Children develop skills needed for sociability and intimacy; gain a sense of belonging; become motivated to achieve; attain a sense of identity; learn leadership, communication skills, roles, and rules; gain freedom to make independent judgements; helps children to get along in society.

Gender Differences/Boys/Girls

(Peer Group) ______ peer groups are larger where they engage in more gender-typed activities with competition and leadership hierarchies;______ peer groups engage in cross-gender activities characterized by more prosocial interactions and shared confidences.

Negative Effects

(Peer Group) reinforces prejudice (unfavorable attitudes toward perceived outsiders);can foster antisocial tendencies; increases susceptibility to conform to such behaviors as drug use and shoplifting; may prompt children to act against their better judgement.

Ages 6-11

(Reaction to Trauma) Extreme withdrawal; disruptive behavior; inability to pay attention; stomachaches or other symptoms with no physical basis; declining school performance, refusal to go to school; depression, anxiety, guilt, irritability, or emotional numbing; regressive behavior (nightmares, sleep problems, irrational fears, outbursts of anger or fighting)

Age 5 or less

(Reaction to Trauma) Fear of separation from parent; crying, whimpering, screaming, tremblings;immobility or aimless motion; frightened facial expressions; excessive clinging; regressive behaviors (thumb sucking, bed-wetting, fear of dark)

Ages 12-17

(Reaction to Trauma) Flashbacks,nightmares; emotional numbing, confusion; avoidance of reminders of the traumatic event; Revenge fantasies; withdrawal,isolation; substance abuse; problems with peers, antisocial behavior; physical complaints; school avoidance, academic decline; sleep disturbances; depression, suicidal thoughts

Extra familial Context

(Resilient Children/Adolescents) Bonds to prosocial adults outside the family; connections to prosocial organizations; attending effective schools

Family

(Resilient Children/Adolescents) Close relationship to caring parent figure; authoritative parenting: warmth, structure, high expectations; socioeconomic advantages; connections to extended supportive family networks.

Individual

(Resilient Children/Adolescents) Good Intellectual functioning; appealing, sociable, easygoing disposition; self-efficacy, self-confidence, high self-esteem; talents; faith

Individual Psychotherapy

(Treatment Technique) Psychological treatment in which a therapist sees a troubled person one-on-one; may incorporate behavioral techniques, art therapy, play therapy, and/or drug therapy.

Mental Health/ Mental Illness/Mental Disorders

1 in 10 children and adolescents has a diagnosed _______ severe enough to cause some impairment; half of all cases of ____ begin by age 14.

Drug Therapy

Administration of drugs to treat emotional disorders

Bullying

Aggression deliberately and persisting directed against a particular target, or victim, typically one who is weak, vulnerable, and defenseless

Hostile Aggression

Aggressive behavior intended to hurt another person

Instrumental Aggression

Aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal.

80%/77%

Among U.S. middle-school students,_____ have engaged in bullying, and _____ report being victims.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Anxiety aroused by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses, often leading to compulsive ritual behaviors.

Agressive Children

Child is actively rejected by the peer group because of their aggressive, confrontational behavior; peers resist changes made by these children; tend to come from homes where they are mistreated

Withdrawn Children

Child is actively rejected by the peer group because of their withdrawn, anxious behavior; peers resist changes made by these children; tend to come from homes where they are mistreated.

Resilient Children

Children who weather adverse circumstances, function well despite challenges or threats, or bounce back from traumatic events

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Condition involving excessive, prolonged anxiety concerning separation from home or from people to whom the child is attached; may contribute to school phobia.

Parenting Issues

Coregulation

Industry Versus Inferiority

Erikson's fourth crisis of psychosocial development, in which children must learn the productive skills that their culture requires and values or else face feelings of inferiority. A major determinant of self-esteem is children's view of their capacity for productive work.

Neglected Children

No kids pick them as friends, but nobody actively avoids them either; no long term effects as long as there are good family relationships and/or outstanding talents

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance toward adult authority figures. These children constantly fight, argue, lose their temper, blame others, are angry and resentful, have few friends, and are in constant trouble in school

Conduct Disorder/25-50%

Persistent, repetitive pattern of aggressive, anti-social behavior,beginning at an early age, that violates societal norms or the rights of others. Behaviors include truancy, setting fires, habitual lying, fighting, theft, bullying, vandalism,assaults, and drug and alcohol use.______ of these children become antisocial adults with such criminal offenses as mugging, rape, and break-ins.

Family Therapy

Psychological treatment in which a therapist sees the whole family together to analyze patterns of family functioning

Bullying/Hostile Aggression

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm on another person, especially one who is perceived as weak, vulnerable, or defenseless, through physical (hitting) verbal (name-calling), or social (public mocking) attacks, occurs universally

Self-Concept Development

Representational Systems

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

State of constant tension and worry not focused on any single aspect of life.