Chapter 14 Review (Exam 4)
What are the important features of relationships where love endures into marriage? (p.391)
- An important feature of expressing commitment is constructive conflict resolution—directly expressing wishes and needs, listening patiently, asking for clarification, compromising, accepting responsibility, forgiving one's partner, using humor, and otherwise avoiding the escalation of negative interaction sparked by criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling. - a tender, affectionate bond seems to energize that capacity, motivating couples to resolve conflicts in ways that preserve a gratifying sense of intimacy.
What are the characteristics of other-sex friendships? Pros and cons? What does the research say (from the lecture) (p.392)
- From the college years through career exploration and settling into work roles, other-sex friendships increase. - After marriage, they decline for men but continue to rise for women, who more often form them in the workplace. - Highly educated, employed women = largest number of other-sex friends. Pros: - Through these relationships, young adults often gain in companionship & self-esteem & learn about masculine & feminine styles of intimacy. - Because men confide especially easily in their female friends, such friendships offer them a unique opportunity to broaden their (males) expressive capacity. - And women sometimes say male friends offer objective points of view that are not available from female friends Cons: - Many people try to keep other-sex friendships platonic to safeguard their integrity. But sometimes the relationship changes into a romantic bond. When a solid other-sex friendship does evolve into a romance, it may be more stable and enduring than a romantic relationship formed without a foundation in friendship. And emerging adults, especially, are flexible about people they include in their friendship networks. After a breakup, they may even keep a former romantic partner on as a friend
What are the typical struggles of stepparents regarding disciplining a stepchild? (p.403)
- Stepparents enter the family as outsiders and, too often, move into their new parental role too quickly. Lacking a warm attachment bond to build on, their discipline is usually ineffective - Stepmothers are especially likely to experience conflict. Those who have not previously been married and had children may have an idealized image of family life, which is quickly shattered. Expected to be in charge of family relationships, stepmothers quickly find that stepparent-stepchild ties do not develop instantly. After divorce, biological mothers are frequently jealous and uncooperative. Even when their husbands do not have custody, stepmothers feel stressed. As stepchildren go in and out of the nonresident home, stepmothers find life easier without uncooperative children and then may feel guilty about their "unmaternal" feelings. - Stepfathers with children of their own tend to establish positive bonds with stepchildren, especially stepsons, more readily, perhaps because they are experienced in building warm parent-child ties and feel less pressure than stepmothers to plunge into parenting. But stepfathers without biological children (like their stepmother counterparts) can have unrealistic expectations. Or their wives may push them into the father role, sparking negativity in children.
According to Attachment Theory, how does secure attachment in childhood affect love relationships in adulthood? (p.390)
- They viewed themselves as likable, were comfortable with intimacy, and rarely worried about abandonment. - They characterized their most important love relationship in terms of trust, happiness, and friendship. - Their behaviors toward their partner were empathic and supportive and their conflict resolution strategies constructive. - They were also at ease in turning to their partner for comfort and assistance
Erikson: Intimacy vs. Isolation (p.386)
- intimacy versus isolation is evident in the young person's thoughts and feelings about making a long-term commitment to an intimate partner and in close, mutually gratifying friendships. - intimate relationships may be established, while some young adults may not be able to form close bonds due to past negative experiences and remain isolated
Who is most likely to be discriminated against in the workplace? (p.406)
African American applicants (then Hispanics)
__________ is the most consistent predictor of marital stability. (p.394)
Age at marriage
Ellyn and Jesus are a dual-earner couple. They would like to have a better balance between work and family. Which advice would best help them combine their work and family roles? (p.407)
Both should critically evaluate the time they devote to work in view of their family values and priorities.
Which statement is true about gender differences in same-sex adult friendships? (p.392)
Female friends often say they prefer to "just talk" when they get together
What does the research say about love in couples whose marriage endures? (p.391)
Generally, report that they love each other more than they did earlier - In the transformation from a passionate to a companionate and compassionate bond, commitment may be the component of love that determines whether a relationship survives. - Communicating that commitment in ways that strengthen intimacy—through warmth, attentiveness, understanding, acceptance, and respect—strongly predicts relationship maintenance and satisfaction
Americans Faye and Lee met in graduate school and married after they both graduated. They both work full-time. Which of the following is most likely true? (p.395)
Lee puts in about 60 percent of weekly child-care hours that Faye does.
Which statement is true about mate selection? (p.389)
Little support exists for the idea that "opposites attract."
Which individual probably has the highest number of other-sex friends? (p.392)
Melina, an employed female chemist
What does evolutionary theory say about the importance that men place on certain characteristics? (p.389)
Men: - Look for a mate with traits that signal youth, health, sexual pleasure, and the ability to give birth to & care for offspring. - Often want a relationship to move quickly toward physical intimacy
What are the sources of stress in dual-career families? (p.406-407)
Persistent stress caused by role overload is linked to poorer marital relations, less effective parenting, child behavior problems, poorer job performance, and physical health problems
Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love (p.389)
Triangular Theory of Love: identifies three components that shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop. - Passion, the desire for sexual activity and romance, is the physical and psychological-arousal component. - Intimacy is the emotional component, consisting of warm, tender communication and caring, self-disclosure, plus a desire for the partner to reciprocate. - Commitment, the cognitive component, leads partners to decide that they are in love and to maintain that love. Passionate love—intense sexual attraction—is strong at the beginning of a relationship. Companionate love—warm, trusting affection and valuing of the other. Compassionate love—concern for the other's well-being, expressed through caring efforts to alleviate the other's distress and promote the other's growth and flourishing.
Which individual is the most likely to establish positive bonds quickly with stepchildren? (p.403)
Wade, a stepfather with children of his own
How do men and women differ in "settling down" in their 30's? (p.387)
Women: - Develop more individualistic goals - Usually remain unsettled, often because they added an occupational or relationship commitment Men: - Focus more on certain relationships and aspirations, in an effort to establish a niche in society consistent with their values, whether those were wealth, prestige, artistic or scientific achievement, or forms of family or community participation
What does evolutionary theory say about the importance women place on certain characteristics? (p.389)
Women: - Women seek a mate with traits, such as earning power and emotional commitment, that help ensure children's survival and well-being (due to limited capacity to reproduce) - Prefer to take time to achieve psychological intimacy
What does the research say about the gap between men's and women's earnings in North America? (p.405-406)
Women: - more often major in education and social service fields in college - many women enter and exit the labor market several times, or reduce their work hours from full-time to part-time as they give birth to and rear children. Time away from a career greatly hinders advancement. - low self-efficacy with respect to male-dominated fields limits women's career progress. - Paid less in traditionally masculine jobs Men: - More often major in higher-paying scientific and technical fields in college - Paid more in traditionally masculine jobs
What is the social clock? (p.388)
age-graded expectations for major life events, such as beginning a first job, getting married, birth to the first child, buying a home, and retiring
Overall, people over age 35 who have always been single __________. (p.401)
are content with their lives
Both men and women are likely to say that __________ is a top attribute in mate selection.
dependability
For most new parents, the arrival of a baby __________. (p.398)
does not cause significant marital strain
African Americans usually __________ than European Americans with equivalent job qualifications.
experience less stable employment
Erikson believed that successful resolution of intimacy versus isolation prepares the individual for the middle adulthood stage, which focuses on __________. (p.387)
generativity
According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of early adulthood is __________. (p.386)
intimacy versus isolation
Traditional marriages (p.395)
involving a clear division of roles—husband as head of household responsible for family economic well-being, wife as caregiver and homemaker—still exist in Western nations.
Research on newlyweds' feelings and behavior over the first few years of marriage found that partners gradually felt __________.
less "in love"
In traditionally masculine fields, newly hired women whose training is equivalent to that of newly hired men are __________. (p.406)
nevertheless paid less than men
From the college years through career exploration and settling into work roles, __________. (p.392)
other-sex friendships increase
Egalitarian marriages (p.395)
partners relate as equals, sharing power and authority. Both try to balance the time and energy they devote to their occupations, their children, and their relationship.
In egalitarian marriages, __________. (p.395)
partners share power and authority
Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love identifies __________ as three components that shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop. (p.389)
passion, intimacy, and commitment
Adult friends are usually __________. (p.391)
similar to each other in age, sex, and SES.
When Yolanda thought about the future, she planned to get her first job at 22, be married by 24, and have her first child at 27, just like her older brother did. According to research by Bernice Neugarten, Yolanda has a well-defined __________. (p.388)
social clock
Following a social clock of some kind seems to foster __________. (p.388)
social stability
Sal and Sadie have been married for 40 years. When asked to compare their current relationship to when they were newlyweds, they are most likely to say that __________. (p.391)
they love each other more now than they did earlier
Mike and Carol are married. Mike is the head of the household. He works outside the home as an architect. Carol devotes herself to caring for Mike and their children and creating a comfortable home. They have a(n) __________ marriage. (p.395)
traditional
Adrian developed a secure attachment to his parents when he was a child. Adrian probably characterizes his most important adult love relationship in terms of __________. (p.390)
trust, happiness, and friendship
What are common factors in adult friendships? (p.391-392)
usually similar in age, sex, and SES
Men with a high school diploma or less and highly educated women in prestigious careers are overrepresented among singles after age 30 because __________ (p.400)
women tend to "marry up" and men tend to "marry down"
