Chapter 14 The Family

how much children in US are born to single mothers.

- 1/3

- Mothers tend to spend more time with their children than fathers do even when the mother works outside the home.

- Fathers spend about 1/2 to 2/3 of the time with their children that mothers spend.

what happens after remarriage

- Often a resurgence (recovery) of behavior problems

There are 2 types of permissive parents

1) Uninvolved/ neglectful parent = parent is very uninvolved in the child's life.

Almost 80% of divorced people remarry within

5 years.

There are three main styles of parenting.

Authoritarian parent Permissive parent Authoritative parent

Intra-agent consistency

Consistency in a single caregiver's application of discipline from one situation to the next

interagent consistency

Consistency in application of disciplinary strategies among various caregivers

how much time does the Fathers spend with their children compared to what the mothers spend ?

Fathers spend about 1/2 to 2/3 of the time with their children that mothers spend

Control Theory:

Hypothesis about parent-child interactions suggesting that the intensity of one partner's behavior affects the intensity of the other's response

Children often imitate their parents. There are a number of names for this:

Identification Imitation

Identification

In psychoanalytic theory, the process by which the child tries to imitate the behavior of the parents or other heroes to share vicariously in their lives

Systems theory

Model for understanding the family that emphasizes the reciprocal interactions among various members

Permissive parent

Parent who sets few limits on the child's behavior

Authoritative parent:

Parent who sets limits on a child's behavior using reasoning and explanation and displays a high degree of nurturance.

Socialization

Process by which children acquire the social knowledge, skills, and attitudes valued by the larger society

Reciprocal socialization

Socialization is bi-directional; children socialize their parents as much as parents socialize their children.

Imitation

Term used by social learning theorists to describe the acquisition of observed behavior.

Punishment

The administration of an aversive stimulus or withdrawal of rewards to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors.

Many changes have taken place in families in recent years. What are some of these changes?

Working mothers Divorce Step-families Single-parent families

2 Main models have been proposed to explain how divorce affects children:

a) The family structure model states that any differences in children are attributable to variations in family structure, such as divorce, death, or having a father absent b) The multiple factor model of divorce takes into account the complexity of the divorce context and considers a number of influences - child's strengths and weaknesses prior to divroce, nature of events surrounding divorce, type of custody, post-divorce family functioning, SES, etc.

Today fathers take a more ..

active role in child care than in the past.

The family structure model

any differences in children are attributable to variations in family structure, such as divorce, death, or having a father absent

Step-parents can have a difficult time ...

balancing the role of disciplining step-children.

Being an only child shows higher achievement and IQ scores than ..

children with siblings.

Children who have nurturant and involved normally

fare(survive) better cognitively and socially.

how parents handle the arrival of a new baby affects

feelings of Sibling rivalry

Middle Children?

go look for the information

What are some punishment methods you can think of?

look it up

Single-parent families have a Greater risk for poverty(poor) &

negative outcomes associated with poverty.

Having gay, lesbian, or heterosexual parents does ...

not make a child more or less likely to be gay, lesbian, or heterosexual.

- Baumrind believed that

parents should be neither punitive or aloof, but should instead develop rules for their children and be affectionate with them.

1st borns tend to ....

score higher on IQ tests be be higher achieving.

Culture, attitudes and history affect

socialization.

The multiple factor model of divorce

takes into account the complexity of the divorce context and considers a number of influences - child's strengths and weaknesses prior to divroce, nature of events surrounding divorce, type of custody, post-divorce family functioning, SES, etc.

Mothers tend to spend more time with their children

than fathers do even when the mother works outside the home

Until children are old enough to interact with peers or go to school, their families are

usually the primary socializing agents

when your an only child you tend to have more positive relationships...

with their parents than children with siblings.

As babies get older, mothers and father play ...

with them in different ways.

Daughters of working women show ..

greater independence, achievement, and self-esteem.

Youngest tend to ....

have better peer relations.

No differences in child outcomes compared to

heterosexual couples.

Indulgent parent

parents are highly involved with their children but pace few demands or controls on them.

What matter the most with Gay and lesbian parents?

the quality of family interaction.