Chapter 15

Place the following structures in the correct order through which undigested material would pass.

1. Cecum 2. Colon 3. Rectum 4. Anal Canal

Place the segments of the small intestine in the order of which food travels.

1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum

Place in order the steps of fat absorption in the small intestine.

1. Fatty acids diffuse through intestinal cells 2. Fats are reconstructed in intestinal cells. 3. Fats are encased in chylomicrons 4. Fats are carried off by lymph in lacteals as chylomicrons

List the organs of the digestive tract from beginning to end.

1. Oral Cavity 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small Intestine 6. Large Intestine

Place the following abbreviations for lipoproteins in order of the proportional amount of lipids they contain. Start with the lipoproteins that has the most lipids.

1. VLDL 2. LDL 3. HDL

Place the phases of the swallowing mechanism in order from beginning to end.

1. Voluntary phase; the tongue forces a bolus into oropharynx 2. Soft palate evevates; epiglottis covers larynx; esophagus opens 3. Peristalsis transports the food in the esophagus to the stomach

How many lobes compose the liver?

4

In the digestive system, what tube extends from mouth to anus?

Alimentary canal

Intrinsic factor found in gastric juice functions to help absorb Vitamin ___ in the small intestine.

B12

What two tube-like structures carrying secretions, empty into the duodenum at the same spot?

Bile duct, pancreatic duct

What are the functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?

Breaks down glycogen to glucose, polymerizes glucose to glycogen, and converts noncarbohydrates to glucose

Chemical digestion of proteins into amino acids

Chymotrypsin, trypsin and carboxypeptidase

What two structures carry food from the mouth to the stomach, but do not digest food?

Esophagus and pharynx

True or false: The most important absorbing organ of the alimentary canal is the stomach.

False

Identify the primary products of the chemical digestion of triglycerides.

Glycerol and fatty acids

Low concentration of lipids and high concentration of protein

HDL

Carries blood out of the liver towards the heart

Hepatic Vein

Provides the acid environment needed for production and action of pepsin. Produced by parietal cells.

Hydrochloric acid

Where is the stomach located?

In the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity

Aids in vitamin B12 absorption in the intestine. Produced by parietal cells.

Intrinsic factor

Indicate which of the following are functions of the stomach.

It mixes the food with gastric juice, it initiates protein digestion, and it receives food from the esophagus

High concentration of cholesterol and low concentration of protein

LDL

___ are organic compounds (such as oils, phospholipids and cholesterol) that supply energy for cellular processes and help build structures, such as cell membranes.

Lipids

What are the two basic types of movement in the ailmentary canal?

Mixing and propelling

Carbohydrates are organic compounds containing chemical bonds used to power cellular processes. Sources of carbohydrates include:

Monosaccharides from honey and fruits; disaccharides from milk sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar, and molasses; glycogen from meats; and starch from grains and vegetables

What are the functions of the tongue?

Move food toward the pharynx (throat) during swallowing, and mix food with saliva during chewing

Place the layers of the wall of the alimentary canal in the correct order starting with the innermost layer.

Mucosa, submucosa, muscular, and serosa

Provides a viscous, alkaline protective layer on the lining of the stomach. Produced by mucous cells.

Mucus

Chemical digestion of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA into nucleotides

Nucleases

Which of the following parts of the pharynx provide a passageway for food.

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Chemical digestion of polysaccharides like starch or glycogen into disaccharides

Pancreatic amylase

Chemical digestion of fats like triglyceride molecules into fatty acids and glycerol

Pancreatic lipase

Describe the alimentary canal.

Passes through thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, and 8 meter long tube

Inactive form of pepsin. Produced by chief cells of the gastric glands.

Pepsinogen

Gastric ___ are openings at the ends of tubular gastric glands in the gastric mucosa.

Pits

The segment of the alimentary canal, a straight muscular tube that connects the sigmoid colon to the anal canal.

Rectum

The large intestine begins in the lower ___ side of the abdominal cavity, where the ileum joins the cecum. From there, the large intestine ascends on the ___ side, crosses obliquely to the ___, and descends into the pelvis.

Right, right, left

Breaks down carbohydrates

Salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase

What are some examples of the accessory organs of the digestive system?

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

This organ is responsible for secretion of acid and enzymes. It mixes food with secretions to begin enzymatic digestion of proteins.

Stomach

What is a hepatic lobe?

The functional unit of the liver

Indicate which of the following are characteristics of minerals.

They may play diverse roles; they include elements such as calcium, iron, phosphate, sodium and chloride

Pancreas secretes

Trypsin, nucleases, and pancreatic lipase

High concentration of triglycerides and low concentration of protein

VLDL

Indicate which of the following statements concerning vitamins is true.

Vitamins are essential nutrients

What is a definition of peristalsis?

Wavelike motion that propels contents along the tube

Proteins are polymers of

amino acids

Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary ___ which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called ___, which lubricates the food during swallowing.

amylase; mucus

The small blind-ended tube attached to the cecum functions in the immune response is the

appendix

The colon is composed of four parts. In order these are the ___ colon, ___ colon, ___ colon, and the s-shaped ___ colon.

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

Pancreatic juice is alkaline due to its high concentration of ___ ions

bicarbonate

Sugar, glycogen and cellulose are all examples of:

carbohydrates

The large intestine consists of the ___, ___, ___, and the anal canal.

cecum, colon, rectum

In a hepatic lobule, cells radiate out from a

central vein

The ___, forming the lateral walls of the mouth, consist of outer layer of skin, pads of subcutaneous fat, muscles associated with expression and chewing, and inner linings of moist, stratifies squamous epithelium.

cheeks

Part that projects beyond the gum

crown

The basic parts of a tooth are the ___ which projects beyond the gum, and the ___ which is anchored to the alveolar processes of the jaw.

crown, root

Calcified material surrounding the pulp cavity

dentin

The process of breaking down foods, either mechanically or chemically, and then absorbing them is called

digestion

The pancreas is closely associated with the small intestine. It extends horizontally across the posterior abdominal wall, with its head in the C-shaped curve of the ___ and its tail against the ___.

duodenum; spleen

Hard, glossy material covering the crown

enamel

Pancreatic juice contains mostly ___ that breaks down food.

enzymes

The ___ is a straight muscular tube conveying food from pharynx to the stomach.

esophagus

The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea, is the

esophagus

Secreation of a digestive fluid called pancreatic juice represents the ___ function of the pancreas.

exocrine

Indicate which of the following foods are rich in proteins:

fish, poultry, cheese

The storage and concentration of bile between meals is the function of the

gallbladder

Carries blood for digestive tract to the liver

hepatic portal vein

The sphincter that allows intestinal contents to move from the ileum to the large intestine but not in the same opposite direction is called the ___ sphincter.

ileocecal

What digestive organ is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes, and forming and storing feces?

large intestine

Indicate which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of calories per gram.

lipids

When responding to hormones such as insulin and glucagon, liver cells ___ blood glucose levels by polymerizing glucose to glycogen, and ___ blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose or by converting noncarbohydrates into glucose.

lower; raise

What are some common sources to find cholesterol?

meats, egg yolks, butter

The movements of the small intestine include segmentation which ___ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which ___ intestinal contents.

mixes; propel

Indicate which of the following are functions of saliva.

moistens food particles, dissolves molecules so they can be tasted, initiates chemical digestion of carbohydrates, and helps cleanse the mouth and teeth

Where does the process of digestion first begin?

mouth

The pharynx is located between what two parts of the alimentary canal?

mouth and esophagus

The ___ is the innermost layer of the wall of the digestive tract.

mucosa

What is secreted by the large intestine?

mucus

The roof of the mouth, that has a hard and soft component, is called the

palate

Break down fats

pancreatic lipase, intestinal lipase

The largest salivary gland, located anterior and inferior to the ear, is the ___ gland.

parotid

What are the names of the major salivary glands?

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

Gastric chief cells secrete

pepsin

Breaks down proteins

pepsin, peptidase, and trypsin

Intestinal mucosal cells secrete

peptidase, sucrase, and intestinal lipase

Encloses the root and secure the teeth in the alveoli

periodontal ligament

Wavelike motions in the intestines that propel the contents forward is called

peristalsis

The ___ is a cavity that connects the mouth to the esophagus and larynx.

pharynx

The ___ and the ___ do not digest food, but both function in swallowing.

pharynx; esophagus

Central area filled with blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue

pulp cavity

The distal area of the stomach that leads into the small intestine is called the

pylorus

What are the names of the 4 lobes of the liver?

quadrate, caudate, left, right

The names of the two major lobes of the liver are the ___ and ___ lobes.

right; left

Pulp cavities extending within the root

root canal

The folds of the mucosal layer of the stomach are called

rugae

What is chyme?

semifluid paste of food and gastric juice

The ___ intestine receives secretions from the pancreas and liver. It also completes digestion of the nutrients in chyme and absorbs the products of digestion.

small

What is a tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine?

small intestine

The layer in the wall of the alimentary canal that is rich in blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that carry away absorbed materials is the

submucosa

The ___ in the mouth are responsible for mechanical digestion, breaking larger pieces of food into smaller pieces.

teeth