Chapter 15
Place the following structures in the correct order through which undigested material would pass.
1. Cecum 2. Colon 3. Rectum 4. Anal Canal
Place the segments of the small intestine in the order of which food travels.
1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum
Place in order the steps of fat absorption in the small intestine.
1. Fatty acids diffuse through intestinal cells 2. Fats are reconstructed in intestinal cells. 3. Fats are encased in chylomicrons 4. Fats are carried off by lymph in lacteals as chylomicrons
List the organs of the digestive tract from beginning to end.
1. Oral Cavity 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small Intestine 6. Large Intestine
Place the following abbreviations for lipoproteins in order of the proportional amount of lipids they contain. Start with the lipoproteins that has the most lipids.
1. VLDL 2. LDL 3. HDL
Place the phases of the swallowing mechanism in order from beginning to end.
1. Voluntary phase; the tongue forces a bolus into oropharynx 2. Soft palate evevates; epiglottis covers larynx; esophagus opens 3. Peristalsis transports the food in the esophagus to the stomach
How many lobes compose the liver?
4
In the digestive system, what tube extends from mouth to anus?
Alimentary canal
Intrinsic factor found in gastric juice functions to help absorb Vitamin ___ in the small intestine.
B12
What two tube-like structures carrying secretions, empty into the duodenum at the same spot?
Bile duct, pancreatic duct
What are the functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?
Breaks down glycogen to glucose, polymerizes glucose to glycogen, and converts noncarbohydrates to glucose
Chemical digestion of proteins into amino acids
Chymotrypsin, trypsin and carboxypeptidase
What two structures carry food from the mouth to the stomach, but do not digest food?
Esophagus and pharynx
True or false: The most important absorbing organ of the alimentary canal is the stomach.
False
Identify the primary products of the chemical digestion of triglycerides.
Glycerol and fatty acids
Low concentration of lipids and high concentration of protein
HDL
Carries blood out of the liver towards the heart
Hepatic Vein
Provides the acid environment needed for production and action of pepsin. Produced by parietal cells.
Hydrochloric acid
Where is the stomach located?
In the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity
Aids in vitamin B12 absorption in the intestine. Produced by parietal cells.
Intrinsic factor
Indicate which of the following are functions of the stomach.
It mixes the food with gastric juice, it initiates protein digestion, and it receives food from the esophagus
High concentration of cholesterol and low concentration of protein
LDL
___ are organic compounds (such as oils, phospholipids and cholesterol) that supply energy for cellular processes and help build structures, such as cell membranes.
Lipids
What are the two basic types of movement in the ailmentary canal?
Mixing and propelling
Carbohydrates are organic compounds containing chemical bonds used to power cellular processes. Sources of carbohydrates include:
Monosaccharides from honey and fruits; disaccharides from milk sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar, and molasses; glycogen from meats; and starch from grains and vegetables
What are the functions of the tongue?
Move food toward the pharynx (throat) during swallowing, and mix food with saliva during chewing
Place the layers of the wall of the alimentary canal in the correct order starting with the innermost layer.
Mucosa, submucosa, muscular, and serosa
Provides a viscous, alkaline protective layer on the lining of the stomach. Produced by mucous cells.
Mucus
Chemical digestion of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA into nucleotides
Nucleases
Which of the following parts of the pharynx provide a passageway for food.
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Chemical digestion of polysaccharides like starch or glycogen into disaccharides
Pancreatic amylase
Chemical digestion of fats like triglyceride molecules into fatty acids and glycerol
Pancreatic lipase
Describe the alimentary canal.
Passes through thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, and 8 meter long tube
Inactive form of pepsin. Produced by chief cells of the gastric glands.
Pepsinogen
Gastric ___ are openings at the ends of tubular gastric glands in the gastric mucosa.
Pits
The segment of the alimentary canal, a straight muscular tube that connects the sigmoid colon to the anal canal.
Rectum
The large intestine begins in the lower ___ side of the abdominal cavity, where the ileum joins the cecum. From there, the large intestine ascends on the ___ side, crosses obliquely to the ___, and descends into the pelvis.
Right, right, left
Breaks down carbohydrates
Salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase
What are some examples of the accessory organs of the digestive system?
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
This organ is responsible for secretion of acid and enzymes. It mixes food with secretions to begin enzymatic digestion of proteins.
Stomach
What is a hepatic lobe?
The functional unit of the liver
Indicate which of the following are characteristics of minerals.
They may play diverse roles; they include elements such as calcium, iron, phosphate, sodium and chloride
Pancreas secretes
Trypsin, nucleases, and pancreatic lipase
High concentration of triglycerides and low concentration of protein
VLDL
Indicate which of the following statements concerning vitamins is true.
Vitamins are essential nutrients
What is a definition of peristalsis?
Wavelike motion that propels contents along the tube
Proteins are polymers of
amino acids
Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary ___ which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called ___, which lubricates the food during swallowing.
amylase; mucus
The small blind-ended tube attached to the cecum functions in the immune response is the
appendix
The colon is composed of four parts. In order these are the ___ colon, ___ colon, ___ colon, and the s-shaped ___ colon.
ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
Pancreatic juice is alkaline due to its high concentration of ___ ions
bicarbonate
Sugar, glycogen and cellulose are all examples of:
carbohydrates
The large intestine consists of the ___, ___, ___, and the anal canal.
cecum, colon, rectum
In a hepatic lobule, cells radiate out from a
central vein
The ___, forming the lateral walls of the mouth, consist of outer layer of skin, pads of subcutaneous fat, muscles associated with expression and chewing, and inner linings of moist, stratifies squamous epithelium.
cheeks
Part that projects beyond the gum
crown
The basic parts of a tooth are the ___ which projects beyond the gum, and the ___ which is anchored to the alveolar processes of the jaw.
crown, root
Calcified material surrounding the pulp cavity
dentin
The process of breaking down foods, either mechanically or chemically, and then absorbing them is called
digestion
The pancreas is closely associated with the small intestine. It extends horizontally across the posterior abdominal wall, with its head in the C-shaped curve of the ___ and its tail against the ___.
duodenum; spleen
Hard, glossy material covering the crown
enamel
Pancreatic juice contains mostly ___ that breaks down food.
enzymes
The ___ is a straight muscular tube conveying food from pharynx to the stomach.
esophagus
The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea, is the
esophagus
Secreation of a digestive fluid called pancreatic juice represents the ___ function of the pancreas.
exocrine
Indicate which of the following foods are rich in proteins:
fish, poultry, cheese
The storage and concentration of bile between meals is the function of the
gallbladder
Carries blood for digestive tract to the liver
hepatic portal vein
The sphincter that allows intestinal contents to move from the ileum to the large intestine but not in the same opposite direction is called the ___ sphincter.
ileocecal
What digestive organ is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes, and forming and storing feces?
large intestine
Indicate which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of calories per gram.
lipids
When responding to hormones such as insulin and glucagon, liver cells ___ blood glucose levels by polymerizing glucose to glycogen, and ___ blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose or by converting noncarbohydrates into glucose.
lower; raise
What are some common sources to find cholesterol?
meats, egg yolks, butter
The movements of the small intestine include segmentation which ___ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which ___ intestinal contents.
mixes; propel
Indicate which of the following are functions of saliva.
moistens food particles, dissolves molecules so they can be tasted, initiates chemical digestion of carbohydrates, and helps cleanse the mouth and teeth
Where does the process of digestion first begin?
mouth
The pharynx is located between what two parts of the alimentary canal?
mouth and esophagus
The ___ is the innermost layer of the wall of the digestive tract.
mucosa
What is secreted by the large intestine?
mucus
The roof of the mouth, that has a hard and soft component, is called the
palate
Break down fats
pancreatic lipase, intestinal lipase
The largest salivary gland, located anterior and inferior to the ear, is the ___ gland.
parotid
What are the names of the major salivary glands?
parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands
Gastric chief cells secrete
pepsin
Breaks down proteins
pepsin, peptidase, and trypsin
Intestinal mucosal cells secrete
peptidase, sucrase, and intestinal lipase
Encloses the root and secure the teeth in the alveoli
periodontal ligament
Wavelike motions in the intestines that propel the contents forward is called
peristalsis
The ___ is a cavity that connects the mouth to the esophagus and larynx.
pharynx
The ___ and the ___ do not digest food, but both function in swallowing.
pharynx; esophagus
Central area filled with blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue
pulp cavity
The distal area of the stomach that leads into the small intestine is called the
pylorus
What are the names of the 4 lobes of the liver?
quadrate, caudate, left, right
The names of the two major lobes of the liver are the ___ and ___ lobes.
right; left
Pulp cavities extending within the root
root canal
The folds of the mucosal layer of the stomach are called
rugae
What is chyme?
semifluid paste of food and gastric juice
The ___ intestine receives secretions from the pancreas and liver. It also completes digestion of the nutrients in chyme and absorbs the products of digestion.
small
What is a tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine?
small intestine
The layer in the wall of the alimentary canal that is rich in blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that carry away absorbed materials is the
submucosa
The ___ in the mouth are responsible for mechanical digestion, breaking larger pieces of food into smaller pieces.
teeth