chapter 15 oce1001

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organic mater decomposes slowly in ______

mud flats

how does a sea anemone feed?

by entrapping prey items in stinging tentacles

in the deep ocean, mud like clay deposits are found on the

abyssal plains in deep trenches

which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in making it more difficult for corals to build skeletons?

acidification

which of the following is a threat to coral reef survival? - suspended sediment - boat collisions - fishing - scuba and snorkeling - all of the above might contribute to the decline of a coral community

all of the above might contribute to the decline of a coral community

which of the following human threats has resulted in algae smothering the reefs?

overfishing

Giant tubeworms dominate at hydrothermal vents in which of the following oceans?

pacific

a predatory echinoderm that lives and feeds below the sediment surface is the ______.

sand star

which of the following protects itself with stinging needlelike cells called nematocysts

sea anemones

an important predator of mussel beds in the middle tidal zone is the _______.

sea star

the most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is:

space

which rocky intertidal zone, also called the super tidal zone, is only covered by water during string storms

spray zone

in the spray zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit?

they have hard shells that prevent organisms from drying out

how do bat stars move?

they have hundreds of tube feet that run along the undersides of their arms

the water pressure in the deepest trenches exceeds _______ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level

1000

which of the following organisms are common in the middle tide zones along rocky shores? choose all that apply - goose-necked barnacles - macrocystis - carnivorous sea stars - hermit crabs - sea anemones - corals

- goose-necked barnacles - carnivorous sea stars - hermit crabs - sea anemones

of the following statements about kelp and kelp forests, which is/are true? choose all that apply - kelp is held to the bottom by a strong anchor called a holdfast - kelp forests are rich communities that are attached to sandy bottoms - kelp forests can become overwhelmingly large because benthic animals do not graze on kelp - the best-developed kelp forests grow in tropical waters - the giant kelp macrocystic can grow up to 0.6 meters (2 feet) per day

- kelp is held to the bottom by a strong anchor called a holdfast - the giant kelp macrocystic can grow up to 0.6 meters (2 feet) per day

of the following statements about benthic communities along sediment-covered shores which is/are true? choose all that apply - large numbers of organisms can generally be found buried in sandy shores - coarse sandy beaches usually have the same tidal zonations as rocky shores - the most stable sediment-covered shores have the largest grain sizes - gently sloping beaches with finer sediment show less distinct intertidal zonation as compared to coarser beaches - Nearly all the organisms that inhabit sediment-covered shores are sessile epifauna

- large numbers of organisms can generally be found buried in sandy shores - coarse sandy beaches usually have the same tidal zonations as rocky shores - gently sloping beaches with finer sediment show less distinct intertidal zonation as compared to coarser beaches

of the following statements about benthic organisms, which is/are true? choose all that apply - benthic organisms cannot live beneath the euphotic zone - many benthic organisms spend the first part of their lives in the pelagic environment - the vast majority of benthic species live on the continental shelf - high abundances of benthic organisms are found beneath surface waters with high primary productivity - all benthic organisms are sessile

- many benthic organisms spend the first part of their lives in the pelagic environment - the vast majority of benthic species live on the continental shelf - high abundances of benthic organisms are found beneath surface waters with high primary productivity

which of the following statements about coral is true? choose all that apply - some coral species grow in cold deep waters beneath the euphotic zone - most individual coral species are about the size of an ant - most corals go through a planktonic stage of life - corals catch small food particles with stinging cells similar to those of jellyfish - over 50 different species of tropical reef-building corals inhabit the atlantic ocean

- some coral species grow in cold deep waters beneath the euphotic zone - most individual coral species are about the size of an ant - most corals go through a planktonic stage of life - corals catch small food particles with stinging cells similar to those of jellyfish

corals need water where the average monthly temperature exceeds _____ celsius throughout the year

18º

of the following statements about organisms in rocky intertidal zones, which is/are true? choose all that apply - the spray zone is where organisms with shells are mostly found - the most diverse and abundant life is found in the high tide zone - the low tide zone is home to the greatest number of soft-bodied organisms and marine algae - mussel beds are a common feature of the middle tide zone - rock lice, limpets, and periwinkle snails are commonly found in the low tide zone

- the spray zone is where organisms with shells are mostly found - the low tide zone is home to the greatest number of soft-bodied organisms and marine algae - mussel beds are a common feature of the middle tide zone

coral reefs cover less than ______ of the ocean's surface area but they are home to _____ of all marine species

0.5%; 25%

where on the coral reef structure would you expect to find the largest, strongest coral heads?

20-50 meters water depth

the water pressure at the mid-ocean ridges exceeds ______ times greater than atmospheric oressure at sea level

200

at what water depth are delicate plate corals common?

500-150 meters

most reef-building corals receive about _______ of their nutrition from symbiotic zooxanthellae algae

90%

how long does it take for a brittle star to regrpw an arm

a couple of weeks

what is a sea anemone -- a vicious predatory toxic animal -- carefully disguised as?

a harmless flower

what does a gooseneck barnacle use to attach to a rock?

a strong stalk

Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is detrimental to coral growth because it increases the:

amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth

the most important members of hydrothermal vent biocommunities are microscopic _______

archaea

the primary producers in chemosynthetic vent communities are _______

archaea

the distribution of benthic biomass closely matches the distribution of _______ in surface waters

chlorophyll

two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are:

buckshot barnacles and limpets

the most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is:

burrowing in the sediment

what does a blue mussel used to attach to a rock?

byssus threads

symbiotic archaea that live inside tubeworms can use two different methods to metabolize _____ nd can switch back and forth to accomodate fast-changing environmental conditions

carbon dioxide

in hydrothermal vent ecosystems, tubeworms and giant ______ depend entirely on sulfur oxidizing archaea that live symbiotically within their tissues

clams

which of the following statements regarding the benefits coral reefs provide to people is correct?

coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their GNP

which of the following are not a species found in hydrothermal vent communities? - white crabs - tubeworms - corals - clams - mussels

corals

the zooxanthellae that live within the coral's tissue is a type of

dinoflagellate

zooxanthellae are autotrophic marine protists that are found in the living tissues of some marine invertebrates such as coral, sea anemone, and jellyfish. zooxanthellae are:

dinoflagellates

the crown-of-thorns sea star destroys coral reefs by:

eating the coral polyps

coral bleaching often occurs in response to:

elevated temperatures

in the deep ocean, oozes made of dead planktonic organisms are found on the ______

flanks of oceanic ridges and rises

which of the following vertical zones of a large coral reef has about 20% of the surface intensity?

from 20 meters to 50 meters

the coral in the Florida Keys is currently not suffering from which of the following?

gas bubble

two dominant organisms commonly found at mid-water levels of the rocky intertidal zone are:

goose-necked barnacles and mussels

which of the following factors does not limit coral growth?

high concentrations of CaCO2 in the water

the most serious threat to coral reefs are ______

humans

when you visit a tidepool and put your finger into a sea anemone, it grabs onto your finger. what is really happening?

it activates stinging barbs that release neurotoxin into your skin

why do different bat stars have colors that range from orange to mottled purple?

it helps them to camouflage with the varied colors in the tidepools

the subtidal rocky bottom zone along temperate shorelines is dominated by:

kelp

the depth to which a bivalve can bury itself depends on the:

length of its siphon

the loss of color (coral bleaching) in coral reef organisms can be a result of:

loss of zooxanthellae

which of the following hydrothermal vent fields builds chimneys of calcium carbonate, instead of the metal sulfides found at typical black smokers

lost city

which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluides at a much greater pH compared to typical black smokers?

lost city

which of the following hyfrothermal vent fields emits fluids at a much lower temperature compared to typical black smokers

lost city

the common annelid found in a sandy beach environment is the:

lugworm

organisms that live in the spaces between sediment particles are called

meiofauna

what intertidal zone do sea anemones typically inhabit?

middle intertidal

which of the following marine habitats has the lowest species diversity? - rocky shores - mangrove swamps - kelp forests - coral reefs - mud flats

mud flats

which of the following sediment-covered shores represents the lowest-energy environment? - boulder beaches - pebble berms - mud flats - sand beaches - salt marshes

mud flats

a pronounced layer of which of the following can often be one of the most recognizable feature of middle tidal zones along rocky coasts?

mussels

the symbiotic relationship between the coral animals and the zooxanthellae is an example of ______.

mutualism

ability to break off body part and regrow them later is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?

predators

stinging cells, camouflage, and an inking response are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?

predators

the low-water portion of the rocky intertidal zone is dominated by:

red and brown algae and surf grass

which of the following are among the first organisms to colonize a rocky shore?

rock weed

which of the following digests the edible tissue inside a mussel shell by turning its stomach inside out and slipping it through the crack in the shell?

sea stars

the organism posing the greatest threat to the kelp forest is the ______.

sea urchin

which of the following animals feed directly on living kelp? - otters - sea stars - mollusks - lobsters - sea urchins

sea urchins

what is another name for the brittle star?

serpent star

scientists have proposed that which of the following deep ocean processes may hold part of the answer to the question of whether life on earth emerged from the deep sea?

serpentinization

benthic animals inhabiting the rocky intertidal environment consists mostly of ______.

sessile animals, epifauna, and very few infauna

increased human population near coral reefs increases the nutrient levels of the reef water from ______ and farm fertilizers

sewage

what is the purpose of the shells and rocks that are attached to a sea anemone's body?

shells and rocks prevent the sea anemone from drying out during high tide

which of the following animals are acorn barnacles most closely related - gooseneck barnacles - octopuses - sea hares - sea cucumbers - shrimp

shrimp

in a tidepools area, what is the correct order of intertidal zone, going from the base of the coastal cliffs into deeper water?

spray zone, upper tidal zone, middle tidal zone, lower tidal zone

the intertidal zonation of sediment-covered shores is best developed on a _____ sloping, ________-sand beach

steaply; coarse

primary producers in hydrothermal vent communities are:

sulfur oxidizing archaea

Deep-water corals lack the ________ that their shallow-water cousins have

symbiotic zooxanthellae algae

which of the following is the most important variable affecting species diversity at similar latitudes on opposite sides of an ocean basin

temperature

the diversity pattern of reef-building coral observed in today's oceans is related to which of the following?

the past positions of the continents

the amount of life on the ocean floor depends primarily on _______

the productivity of the surface layer above it

which of the following statements about the physical environment of the deep-ocean is incorrect?

the temperature rarely exceeds 0ºC at the deep-ocean floor

in the lower intertidal zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms might exhibit?

they are well camouflaged so that they can blend in and hide from predators during low tide

what adaptation giver brittle stars their name?

they can detach their arms to avoid a predator

what do bat stars eat?

they eat detritus, dead and decaying organic material, and seaweed.

how have organisms in the spray sone adapted to the constant threats of predation and drying out?

they have a shell that they can withdraw into

what is an adaptation for organisms living in the upper intertidal zone?

they must be adapted for being out of water for an extended period of time

Biocommunities at active hydrothermal vents had up to one ________ times more biomass than the rest of the deep-ocean floor.

thousand

coral reefs contain about _____ as much algal biomass as animal biomass

three times

What do mussels, gooseneck barnacles, and acorn barnacles all eat?

tiny microscopic marine organisms that live in seawater

You are vacationing on a beautiful tropical island and want to see a coral reef. Your boat travels down a river estuary and then travels a considerable distance along the coast before any coral is seen. The reason you had to travel so far to see coral is probably that _________.

too much freshwater is flowing from the river closer to the shore

water warm enough to support coral growth is found primarily in the ______ regions of the oceans

tropical

recent studies indicate that the deep biosphere, an environmeny that exists within the seafloor itself, may account for up to ______ of Earth's total bacterial biomass

two-thirds

reefs grow as far north and as south as 35º latitude on the ______ margins of ocean basins

western

the greatest diversity of reef-building corals is found on the ______ side of ocean basins

western


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