chapter 15 oce1001
organic mater decomposes slowly in ______
mud flats
how does a sea anemone feed?
by entrapping prey items in stinging tentacles
in the deep ocean, mud like clay deposits are found on the
abyssal plains in deep trenches
which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in making it more difficult for corals to build skeletons?
acidification
which of the following is a threat to coral reef survival? - suspended sediment - boat collisions - fishing - scuba and snorkeling - all of the above might contribute to the decline of a coral community
all of the above might contribute to the decline of a coral community
which of the following human threats has resulted in algae smothering the reefs?
overfishing
Giant tubeworms dominate at hydrothermal vents in which of the following oceans?
pacific
a predatory echinoderm that lives and feeds below the sediment surface is the ______.
sand star
which of the following protects itself with stinging needlelike cells called nematocysts
sea anemones
an important predator of mussel beds in the middle tidal zone is the _______.
sea star
the most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is:
space
which rocky intertidal zone, also called the super tidal zone, is only covered by water during string storms
spray zone
in the spray zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit?
they have hard shells that prevent organisms from drying out
how do bat stars move?
they have hundreds of tube feet that run along the undersides of their arms
the water pressure in the deepest trenches exceeds _______ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level
1000
which of the following organisms are common in the middle tide zones along rocky shores? choose all that apply - goose-necked barnacles - macrocystis - carnivorous sea stars - hermit crabs - sea anemones - corals
- goose-necked barnacles - carnivorous sea stars - hermit crabs - sea anemones
of the following statements about kelp and kelp forests, which is/are true? choose all that apply - kelp is held to the bottom by a strong anchor called a holdfast - kelp forests are rich communities that are attached to sandy bottoms - kelp forests can become overwhelmingly large because benthic animals do not graze on kelp - the best-developed kelp forests grow in tropical waters - the giant kelp macrocystic can grow up to 0.6 meters (2 feet) per day
- kelp is held to the bottom by a strong anchor called a holdfast - the giant kelp macrocystic can grow up to 0.6 meters (2 feet) per day
of the following statements about benthic communities along sediment-covered shores which is/are true? choose all that apply - large numbers of organisms can generally be found buried in sandy shores - coarse sandy beaches usually have the same tidal zonations as rocky shores - the most stable sediment-covered shores have the largest grain sizes - gently sloping beaches with finer sediment show less distinct intertidal zonation as compared to coarser beaches - Nearly all the organisms that inhabit sediment-covered shores are sessile epifauna
- large numbers of organisms can generally be found buried in sandy shores - coarse sandy beaches usually have the same tidal zonations as rocky shores - gently sloping beaches with finer sediment show less distinct intertidal zonation as compared to coarser beaches
of the following statements about benthic organisms, which is/are true? choose all that apply - benthic organisms cannot live beneath the euphotic zone - many benthic organisms spend the first part of their lives in the pelagic environment - the vast majority of benthic species live on the continental shelf - high abundances of benthic organisms are found beneath surface waters with high primary productivity - all benthic organisms are sessile
- many benthic organisms spend the first part of their lives in the pelagic environment - the vast majority of benthic species live on the continental shelf - high abundances of benthic organisms are found beneath surface waters with high primary productivity
which of the following statements about coral is true? choose all that apply - some coral species grow in cold deep waters beneath the euphotic zone - most individual coral species are about the size of an ant - most corals go through a planktonic stage of life - corals catch small food particles with stinging cells similar to those of jellyfish - over 50 different species of tropical reef-building corals inhabit the atlantic ocean
- some coral species grow in cold deep waters beneath the euphotic zone - most individual coral species are about the size of an ant - most corals go through a planktonic stage of life - corals catch small food particles with stinging cells similar to those of jellyfish
corals need water where the average monthly temperature exceeds _____ celsius throughout the year
18º
of the following statements about organisms in rocky intertidal zones, which is/are true? choose all that apply - the spray zone is where organisms with shells are mostly found - the most diverse and abundant life is found in the high tide zone - the low tide zone is home to the greatest number of soft-bodied organisms and marine algae - mussel beds are a common feature of the middle tide zone - rock lice, limpets, and periwinkle snails are commonly found in the low tide zone
- the spray zone is where organisms with shells are mostly found - the low tide zone is home to the greatest number of soft-bodied organisms and marine algae - mussel beds are a common feature of the middle tide zone
coral reefs cover less than ______ of the ocean's surface area but they are home to _____ of all marine species
0.5%; 25%
where on the coral reef structure would you expect to find the largest, strongest coral heads?
20-50 meters water depth
the water pressure at the mid-ocean ridges exceeds ______ times greater than atmospheric oressure at sea level
200
at what water depth are delicate plate corals common?
500-150 meters
most reef-building corals receive about _______ of their nutrition from symbiotic zooxanthellae algae
90%
how long does it take for a brittle star to regrpw an arm
a couple of weeks
what is a sea anemone -- a vicious predatory toxic animal -- carefully disguised as?
a harmless flower
what does a gooseneck barnacle use to attach to a rock?
a strong stalk
Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is detrimental to coral growth because it increases the:
amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth
the most important members of hydrothermal vent biocommunities are microscopic _______
archaea
the primary producers in chemosynthetic vent communities are _______
archaea
the distribution of benthic biomass closely matches the distribution of _______ in surface waters
chlorophyll
two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are:
buckshot barnacles and limpets
the most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is:
burrowing in the sediment
what does a blue mussel used to attach to a rock?
byssus threads
symbiotic archaea that live inside tubeworms can use two different methods to metabolize _____ nd can switch back and forth to accomodate fast-changing environmental conditions
carbon dioxide
in hydrothermal vent ecosystems, tubeworms and giant ______ depend entirely on sulfur oxidizing archaea that live symbiotically within their tissues
clams
which of the following statements regarding the benefits coral reefs provide to people is correct?
coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their GNP
which of the following are not a species found in hydrothermal vent communities? - white crabs - tubeworms - corals - clams - mussels
corals
the zooxanthellae that live within the coral's tissue is a type of
dinoflagellate
zooxanthellae are autotrophic marine protists that are found in the living tissues of some marine invertebrates such as coral, sea anemone, and jellyfish. zooxanthellae are:
dinoflagellates
the crown-of-thorns sea star destroys coral reefs by:
eating the coral polyps
coral bleaching often occurs in response to:
elevated temperatures
in the deep ocean, oozes made of dead planktonic organisms are found on the ______
flanks of oceanic ridges and rises
which of the following vertical zones of a large coral reef has about 20% of the surface intensity?
from 20 meters to 50 meters
the coral in the Florida Keys is currently not suffering from which of the following?
gas bubble
two dominant organisms commonly found at mid-water levels of the rocky intertidal zone are:
goose-necked barnacles and mussels
which of the following factors does not limit coral growth?
high concentrations of CaCO2 in the water
the most serious threat to coral reefs are ______
humans
when you visit a tidepool and put your finger into a sea anemone, it grabs onto your finger. what is really happening?
it activates stinging barbs that release neurotoxin into your skin
why do different bat stars have colors that range from orange to mottled purple?
it helps them to camouflage with the varied colors in the tidepools
the subtidal rocky bottom zone along temperate shorelines is dominated by:
kelp
the depth to which a bivalve can bury itself depends on the:
length of its siphon
the loss of color (coral bleaching) in coral reef organisms can be a result of:
loss of zooxanthellae
which of the following hydrothermal vent fields builds chimneys of calcium carbonate, instead of the metal sulfides found at typical black smokers
lost city
which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluides at a much greater pH compared to typical black smokers?
lost city
which of the following hyfrothermal vent fields emits fluids at a much lower temperature compared to typical black smokers
lost city
the common annelid found in a sandy beach environment is the:
lugworm
organisms that live in the spaces between sediment particles are called
meiofauna
what intertidal zone do sea anemones typically inhabit?
middle intertidal
which of the following marine habitats has the lowest species diversity? - rocky shores - mangrove swamps - kelp forests - coral reefs - mud flats
mud flats
which of the following sediment-covered shores represents the lowest-energy environment? - boulder beaches - pebble berms - mud flats - sand beaches - salt marshes
mud flats
a pronounced layer of which of the following can often be one of the most recognizable feature of middle tidal zones along rocky coasts?
mussels
the symbiotic relationship between the coral animals and the zooxanthellae is an example of ______.
mutualism
ability to break off body part and regrow them later is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?
predators
stinging cells, camouflage, and an inking response are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?
predators
the low-water portion of the rocky intertidal zone is dominated by:
red and brown algae and surf grass
which of the following are among the first organisms to colonize a rocky shore?
rock weed
which of the following digests the edible tissue inside a mussel shell by turning its stomach inside out and slipping it through the crack in the shell?
sea stars
the organism posing the greatest threat to the kelp forest is the ______.
sea urchin
which of the following animals feed directly on living kelp? - otters - sea stars - mollusks - lobsters - sea urchins
sea urchins
what is another name for the brittle star?
serpent star
scientists have proposed that which of the following deep ocean processes may hold part of the answer to the question of whether life on earth emerged from the deep sea?
serpentinization
benthic animals inhabiting the rocky intertidal environment consists mostly of ______.
sessile animals, epifauna, and very few infauna
increased human population near coral reefs increases the nutrient levels of the reef water from ______ and farm fertilizers
sewage
what is the purpose of the shells and rocks that are attached to a sea anemone's body?
shells and rocks prevent the sea anemone from drying out during high tide
which of the following animals are acorn barnacles most closely related - gooseneck barnacles - octopuses - sea hares - sea cucumbers - shrimp
shrimp
in a tidepools area, what is the correct order of intertidal zone, going from the base of the coastal cliffs into deeper water?
spray zone, upper tidal zone, middle tidal zone, lower tidal zone
the intertidal zonation of sediment-covered shores is best developed on a _____ sloping, ________-sand beach
steaply; coarse
primary producers in hydrothermal vent communities are:
sulfur oxidizing archaea
Deep-water corals lack the ________ that their shallow-water cousins have
symbiotic zooxanthellae algae
which of the following is the most important variable affecting species diversity at similar latitudes on opposite sides of an ocean basin
temperature
the diversity pattern of reef-building coral observed in today's oceans is related to which of the following?
the past positions of the continents
the amount of life on the ocean floor depends primarily on _______
the productivity of the surface layer above it
which of the following statements about the physical environment of the deep-ocean is incorrect?
the temperature rarely exceeds 0ºC at the deep-ocean floor
in the lower intertidal zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms might exhibit?
they are well camouflaged so that they can blend in and hide from predators during low tide
what adaptation giver brittle stars their name?
they can detach their arms to avoid a predator
what do bat stars eat?
they eat detritus, dead and decaying organic material, and seaweed.
how have organisms in the spray sone adapted to the constant threats of predation and drying out?
they have a shell that they can withdraw into
what is an adaptation for organisms living in the upper intertidal zone?
they must be adapted for being out of water for an extended period of time
Biocommunities at active hydrothermal vents had up to one ________ times more biomass than the rest of the deep-ocean floor.
thousand
coral reefs contain about _____ as much algal biomass as animal biomass
three times
What do mussels, gooseneck barnacles, and acorn barnacles all eat?
tiny microscopic marine organisms that live in seawater
You are vacationing on a beautiful tropical island and want to see a coral reef. Your boat travels down a river estuary and then travels a considerable distance along the coast before any coral is seen. The reason you had to travel so far to see coral is probably that _________.
too much freshwater is flowing from the river closer to the shore
water warm enough to support coral growth is found primarily in the ______ regions of the oceans
tropical
recent studies indicate that the deep biosphere, an environmeny that exists within the seafloor itself, may account for up to ______ of Earth's total bacterial biomass
two-thirds
reefs grow as far north and as south as 35º latitude on the ______ margins of ocean basins
western
the greatest diversity of reef-building corals is found on the ______ side of ocean basins
western