chapter 15

Which of the following are examples of GALT?

Appendix Lacteals Peyer's patches

A white blood cell that gives rise to plasma cells that secrete antibodies is known as a(n)___________ lymphocyte.

B

Lymphocytes include:

B cells and T cells

______ cells are white blood cells that give rise to plasma cells that secrete antibodies.

B-lymphocyte

How do interferons activate white blood cells?

Bind to surface receptors and induce changes in genetic expression

Which of the following is characteristic of both nonspecific and specific host defenses?

Both involve a leukocyte response

Which of the following are functions of the spleen?

Filtering of pathogens from the blood Removing worn-out red blood cells from the blood Storing blood that can be released in case of hemorrhage

Which type of interferon regulates macrophages and lymphocytes?

Gamma

Where are cervical lymph nodes located?

In the neck

Which of the following processes are components of the second line of defense?

Inflammation Antimicrobial products Fever Phagocytosis

What is the general name for the blood cells that fight infections?

Leukocytes

Which two of the following statements regarding lymphatic vessels are correct?

Lymphatic vessels are prevalent in the hands and feet. Lymphatic vessels have thin walls.

Which are agranulocytic white blood cells?

Lymphocytes Monocytes

Which of the following terms is used to describe the lymphoid tissue associated with mucosal surfaces in the body?

MALT

Identify the three main types of phagocytes.

Macrophages Monocytes Neutrophils

How long do most acute inflammatory responses last?

Minutes to hours

______ are general-purpose phagocytes that react early in the inflammatory response to bacteria, becoming numerous in the blood during a bacterial infection.

Neutrophils

Which of the following is not found in blood plasma?

Red blood cells

Which of the following have an antimicrobial effect?

Sebum, saliva, and tears

Which of the following is more often used in immune testing and therapy?

Serum

Interferon gamma is derived from cells.

T

Which cells produce interferon gamma?

T lymphocytes

Which organ originates in the embryo as two lobes in the lower neck region, and plays a major role in T-cell maturation?

Thymus

Which of the following are considered to be lymphoid organs?

Thymus Tonsils Spleen Lymph nodes

Which receptors do interferons bind to?

Uninfected host cell receptors

Where is the spleen located?

Upper left abdomen

Which is NOT a second line host defense mechanism?

Vomiting

Nonspecific host defenses include all of the following except

antibody production

Where are the axillary lymph nodes located?

armpit

The armpits contain the lymph nodes.

axillary

When referring to the warmth developed during inflammation, the latin word commonly used is

calor

With respect to inflammation, is Latin for warmth.

calor

The neck contains the lymph nodes.

cervical

The process by which a change in gene expression causes immature cells to express different cell surface markers and respond to new signals is called

differentiation

Which process causes cells to become more specialized over time, through changes in gene expression?

differentiation

All interferons bind to surface receptors on target cells and induce changes in expression.

gene

A white blood cell showing noticeable cytoplasmic granules with Wright stain is called a

granulocyte

Any type of white blood cell with dark staining cytoplasmic granules is called a(n)

granulocyte

The two general categories of leukocytes with different staining patterns that can be distinguished microscopically are:

granulocytes. agranulocytes.

Where are inguinal lymph nodes located?

groin

The acronym GALT stands for -associated tissue.

gut lymphoid

What is GALT an acronym for?

gut associated lymphoid tissue

Naive T lymphocytes develop specificity and differentiate to mature T cells under the influence of

hormones

Interferon is a small protein produced by Blank______ that can defend against

host cells; viruses and bacteria

Interferon is a small protein produced by Blank______ that can defend against Blank

host cells; viruses and bacteria

Body temperature is maintained by a control center in the Blank______ of the brain.

hypothalamus

Body temperature is regulated by the of the brain.

hypothalamus

The groin contains the lymph nodes.

inguinal

Host defenses can be divided into or inborn, nonspecific protections; and or adaptive, specific immunities.

innate acquired

A protein produced by certain white blood cells and tissue cells, that can target viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells, is

interferon

Agranulocytes and granulocytes are the two categories of that can be distinguished according to their staining patterns when viewed with a microscope.

leukocytes

The primary infection-fighting blood cells, commonly called white blood cells, are also known as

leukocytes

A plasma-like liquid that moves in and out of tissues, containing large numbers of white blood cells but lacking red blood cells, is called

lymph

Small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs, located in clusters along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, are called

lymph nodes

The small, bean-shaped organs arranged in clusters along lymphatic channels, containing B and T lymphocytes, are called

lymph nodes

A compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized accessory organs that provides sites for the development of immune cells, and carries out immune surveillance and immune reactions, is the system.

lymphatic

The spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and GALT are all components of the system.

lymphatic

______ system is a system of vessels and organs that serve as sites for the development of immune cells, immune surveillance, and immune reactions.

lymphatic

Of the agranulocytes, are the group that includes T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer (NK) cells.

lymphocytes

T and B cells are in the leukocyte category known as

lymphocytes

______ are the group of agranulocytic leukocytes that includes B cells, NK cells, and T cells.

lymphocytes

The agranulocytic leukocytes include the , such as B and T cells, and the that give rise to macrophages and dendritic cells.

lymphocytes monocytes

A large, phagocytic white blood cell, derived from a monocyte, that also functions as an antigen-presenting cell, is called a(n)

macrophage

The large phagocytic white blood cell derived from a monocyte, with a high capacity for killing microbes and cleaning up cellular debris, is called a(n)

macrophage

Interferon gamma regulates phagocytic cells called , and T cells and B cells referred to as

macrophages lymphocytes

Acute inflammatory responses last from a few to a few

minutes hours

A large leukocyte that can develop into a tissue macrophage is a(n)

monocyte

Circulating phagocytes that mature into macrophages or dendritic cells are called

monocytes

Lymphoid tissue associated with mucus-producing tissue surfaces is called -associated lymphoid tissue, or MALT.

mucosa

Granulocytic leukocytes that respond early in infection and become a primary component of pus are

neutrophils

The 3 main types of phagocytes are , , and

neutrophils monocytes macrophages

The granulocytic leukocytes are , , , and mast cells.

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,

The tonsils are found in the

pharynx

The fluid portion of unclotted blood that remains after cells are removed through settling or centrifugation is called

plasma

Because plasma contains clotting factors, is used more often than plasma in immune testing and therapy.

serum

The clear fluid from clotted blood is known as

serum

What term is used to describe the clear fluid derived from clotted blood?

serum

Lymph moves only through the contraction of Blank______ muscles.

skeletal

Lymph moves through lymphatic vessels only through contraction of muscles around lymphatic ducts.

skeletal

Which of the following is a first line of defense?

skin

Along with MALT tissue, -associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) and -associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) also provide defense against microbes.

skin gut

Two effective physical barriers to the entry of pathogens are the and the membranes of the respiratory and digestive tracts.

skin mucous

A lymphoid organ located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity is the

spleen

Pluripotent, undifferentiated cells of the bone marrow are known as cells.

stem

The pluripotent, undifferentiated cells in the bone marrow that are the primary precursors of new blood cells are called Blank______ cells.

stem

The organ that is the site of T-cell maturation is the

thymus

Under the influence of hormones in the ______________, naive T lymphocytes develop specificity, are released into circulation as mature T cells, and migrate and settle into ______________ lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes.

thymus secondary

A ring of tissues in the pharynx that provides an active source of lymphocytes is the

tonsils

True or false: Inborn physical barriers or chemical barriers are nonspecific host defense mechanisms.

true

True or false: Interferon is host-specific but not virus-specific.

true

True or false: Lymph is a plasmalike fluid that is formed when components move out of the blood vessels into the extracellular spaces and diffuse or migrate into lymphatic capillaries.

true

True or false: Sebaceous secretions, saliva, and tears all have antimicrobial properties.

true

The flow of lymph in lymphatic vessels is

unidirectional, from the extremities toward the heart

Since lymph is never subjected to high pressure, lymphatic vessels are more similar to thin-walled than to thicker-walled of the circulatory system.

veins arteries

Fill in the blank question. A liquid consisting of blood cells suspended in plasma is called blood.

whole

The liquid consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma is called

whole blood

The synthesis of interferon against one type of virus Blank______ protect against other types of viruses.

will