Chapter 15 -- Reconstruction

Impact of Fifteenth Amendment on Voting

*Allowed African Americans to exercise political influence for the first time. *Produced a significant change in voting patterns and office holding. *Helped to elect Ulysses S. Grant as President. *Resulted in African Americans holding office in State Legislatures and House of Representatives and Senate.

Booker T. Washington

*Believed white racism was a consequence of slavery. *Advocated black economic self-help, and called upon African Americans to master the trades, which would earn respect. *Supported accommodation to white society. *Supported vocational educational. *Opposed political agitation to challenge Jim Crow laws.

W.E.B. Du Bois

*Believed white racism was the cause of slavery. *Advocated the intellectual development of a "talented tenth" of the African American population. *Supported legal action to oppose Jim Crow Laws. *Opposed Booker T. Washington's policy of gradualism and accommodation. *Believed that economic success would only be possible if African Americans first won political rights.

Causes of President Andrew Johnson's Impeachment

*Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, which required Senate approval of any official whose appointment had to be approved by the Senate. *Andrew Johnson fired his Secretary of War without Congressional Approval. *His action prompted impeachment by the House of Representatives. *The Senate failed to convict by one vote.

Congressional Reconstruction

*Disappointed with Reconstruction under Andrew Johnson. *Former Confederate Leaders were re-elected and now the South had more representation so gained more Democratic seats in the House of Representatives.

Impact of Presidential Reconstruction

*Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates *Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. *Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South.

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)

*Full Presidential pardons would be given to most Confederates, who (1) took an oath of allegiance to the Union and the U.S. Constitution; (2) and accepted the emancipation of slaves. *A State government would be admitted if at least 10 percent of the voters took a loyalty oath.

Causes of Decline of Radical Reconstruction

*KKK reign of terror weakened Republican support and Democrats ended up replacing Republican governors. *Strong racism still existed despite the Reconstruction Amendments and the end of the Civil War. *Radical Republicans began to retire or die. *Attention began to focus elsewhere on Western expansion, Indian wars, tariffs, and the construction of transcontinental railroads. *Ulysses S. Grant did not focus on the issue of Reconstruction. *Led to the Compromise of 1877, which ended Reconstruction.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

*No 'legal government' in the South. *Eliminated State Boundaries to create military zones. *Commanded by Union generals and 20,000 soldiers. *End military occupation **Ratify the 13, 14, 15 Amendments. **Register all adult males (African American and white) to vote. *supervise elections *Vetoed by President Andrew Johnson but overridden by Congress.

Radical Republicans Reforms During Reconstruction

*Started public school system that included African American students. *built hospitals and orphanages. *reformed criminal justice system. *Raised taxes to finance roads, bridges, and railroads in the South.

President Andrew Johnson's Plan for Reconstruction

*To re-enter the Union, States had to: - Swear allegiance to the Union - Ratify the 13th Amendmernt *Willing to pardon high-ranking Confederate officfers. *Favored states's rights on issues such as giving African-Americans the right to vote. *Did not support Freedman's Bureau *Took a conciliatory approach

Examples of Black Codes

*Vagrancy laws required African Americans to maintain employment under annual contracts. *No right to assembly *No right to bear arms *Special taxes on African Americans

Congressional Response to the Post-Civil War "Black Codes"

--Congress extended the life of the Freedman's Bureau. --Passed the first Civil Rights Act of 1866 which made African Americans citizens with rights.

40 acres and a mule

--this slogan was created in 1864 and 1865 when the federal government settled nearly 10000 black families on abandoned plantation land often times receiving a single mule for their property. It was an attempt to give the African American families a new start. --This was proposed, but never realized

Radical Republicans Plan for Reconstruction

-Supported the Freedman's Bureau *Created schools *Created hospitals *Created Industrial Institutes *Created teacher training centers *Distributed food and clothing *Passage of 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to re-enter Union

Examples of Vetos by President Andrew Johnson

-Vetoed the 1866 Freedman's Bureau bill --Vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act *Both vetoes were overriden by Congress.

Terms of Black Codes

1 Prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land. 2. Placed freedman into a form of semibondage by forcing them to sign work contracts. 3. prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court.

Elements of the Hayes-Tilden Compromise

1. Appointment of Democrats to Cabinet. 2. Funding for Southern railroads and industry 3. Removal of federal troops 4. End of Reconstruction

The Three Reconstruction Amendments

13th Amendment: Abolition of involuntary servitude and slavery. 14th Amendment: Defines national citizenship for all persons born or naturalized in the United States. 15th Amendment: The right to vote shall not be denied on color, race or prior condition of servitude.

Reconstruction Amendments

14th Amendments: Guaranteed citizenship to all males born in the U.S. regardless of race. *Equal protection under the law. *Nullified 3/5 Compromise. 15th Amendment: Cannot be denied the right to vote based on race

Lincoln's 10% Plan

1863 *Accept Emancipation (13th Amendment) *Pardon Confederate Officers *10% of the voting population had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government. *Lincoln believed that seceded states should be restored to that Union quickly and easily, with "malice toward none, with charity for all." *Lincoln's "10% Plan" allowed Southerners, excluding high-ranking confederate officers and military leaders, to take an oath promising future loyalty to the Union and an end to slavery *When 10 percent of those registered to vote in 1860 took the oath, a loyal state government could be formed *This plan was not accepted by Congress

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court decision that upheld racial segregation by approving "separate but equal" facilities for African Americans. --Allowed Jim Crow laws to spread throughout the South. --Resulted in segregated schools, restaurants, and hotels. **Overturned in 1954 by Brown v. Board of Education which held that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

Charles Sumner

A Leader of Radical Republicans in Congress who championed civil rights for freedmen.

Hayes-Tilden Compromise

A compromise struck between Republicans and Democrats in 1876 that ended Reconstruction. *Compromise came after the disputed presidential election of 1876 between Hayes and Tilden. --Tilden won the popular vote, but neither won the electoral college. --Democrats gave election to Rutherford B. Hayes who promised to end reconstruction. --Appointment of Democrats to Cabinet --Funding for Southern railroads and industry --Removal of federal troops --End of Reconstruction

Stalwarts

A faction of the Republican party in the post-Civil War era that was more concerned with industry than with Reconstruction.

KKK (Ku Klux Klan)

A hate group that terrorized mostly African Americans. --They were widely feared in the African American community. --Formed in Tennessee as a social club. --Formed in the South and quickly spread in the South as a reaction to specific races, including African Americans, having equal rights.

Slaughterhouse Cases

A series of post-Civil War Supreme Court cases containing the first judicial pronouncements on the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. The Court held that these amendments had been adopted solely to protect the rights of freed blacks, and could not be extended to guarantee the civil rights of other citizens against deprivations of due process by state governments. These rulings were disapproved by later decisions.

Panic of 1873 (1873-1879)

A severe international economic depression triggered by overproduction of railroads, mines, factories and farm products.

Swing Around the Circle

A speaking campaign of U.S. President Andrew Johnson in 1866 in which he sought to appeal to the racist attitudes arguing that equal rights for freedman would result in an "Africanized" society.

gang-labor system

A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or African-American drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.

Debt Peonage

A system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer. --By the time the sharecropper paid off the debt and shared the crops with the employer, they rarely had any money left. --Often they were uneducated an could not argued with landowners or merchants who cheated them. --A sharecropper became frequently tied to one plantation, having no choice but to work until the debts that are paid. --If they cannot pay the debt, they then promise a greater share of the crop to the employer for the next season.

Waving the Bloody Shirt

A tactic of Republicans whereby they identified their opponents with secession and treason. They waved the bloody shirt of the losses during the Civil War.

Waving the Bloody Shirt

A tactic used in Reconstruction period to inflame Northern voters by reminding them of the losses of life in the Civil War. Radical Republicans used this to brand the Democrats as a party of treason.

American Woman Suffrage Association

A women's suffrage organization led by Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, and others who remained loyal to the Republican Party, despite its failure to include women's voting rights in the Reconstruction Amendments. Stressing the urgency of voting rights for African American men, AWSA leaders held out hope that once Reconstruction had been settled, it would be women's turn.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Act passed in 1867 that eliminated the state governments created by President Andrew Johnson's plan. *Divided the South into five military districts, each under the command of a Union general. *To be admitted to the Union, a state had to approve the 14th Amendment. *President Andrew Johnson vetoed this Act, and Congress overrode his veto.

Tenure of Office Act

Act that required Congressional consent for removal of any official whose appointment had required Senate confirmation.

Enforcement Laws

Acts passed in Congress in 1870 and signed by President U. S. Grant that were designed to protect freedmen's rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Authorizing federal prosecutions, military intervention, and martial law to suppress terrorist activity, the Enforcement Laws largely succeeded in shutting down Klan activities.

Sir Veto

After President Johnson repeatedly vetoed Republican bills, Congress (full of Republicans) steamrolled the bills over the President's vetoes. Johnson was nicknamed "Sir Veto".

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor. --His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. --He was nominated by the Liberal Republicans / Democrats in the Election of 1872. --He lost to Ulysses S. Grant.

Whiskey Ring Scandal

Before they were caught, a group of mostly Republican politicians were able to siphon off millions of dollars in federal taxes on liquor; the scheme involved an extensive network of bribes involving tax collectors, storekeepers, and others.

15th Amendment

Cannot be denied the right to vote based on race. *Had little effect - did not prohibit literacy, property, taxes and educational tests. *

Compromise Bargain of 1877

Compromise came after the disputed presidential election of 1876 between Hayes and Tilden. --Tilden won the popular vote, but neither won the electoral college. --Democrats gave election to Rutherford B. Hayes who promised to end reconstruction. --Appointment of Democrats to Cabinet --Funding for Southern railroads and industry --Removal of federal troops --End of Reconstruction

Wade-Davis Bill

Congress bill that was an alternative to Lincoln's 10% Plan. *Set much higher standards for readmission. *Objective was the punish the South and protect former slaves. *Required that a majority take a vote of loyalty. *Required writing of new state Constitution that abolished slavery and barred Confederate leaders from political office *Only those who never voluntarily borne arms against the Union could vote or serve in the state constitutional conventions *Lincoln vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill

Freedman's Bureau

Congress created the Freedman's Bureau to act as an early welfare agency, providing food, shelter, and medical aid for those made destitute by the Civil War. **Also was to allow resettlement of African Americans on confiscated lands, but President Andrew Johnson pardoned Confederate owners of the confiscated lands.

Basis for Passing 14th Amendment

Congress feared that Andrew Johnson would not enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1866, so Congress passed the 14th Amendment in 1866. *The 14th Amendment defines national citizenship for the first time as extending to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States." *The 14th Amendment prohibited the states from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; not to deny any person equal protection of the law.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Congress passed this law in 1866 to protect the basic rights of newly-freed African Americans. It declared that African-Americans were American citizens who had the same rights as whites. President Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, but Congress overrode his veto.

Election of 1866

Congressional election whereby Radical Republicans took control of Congress in the House and the Senate.

Terms of the Compromise of 1877

Democrats agreed to support Rutherford B. Hayes for President, IN EXCHANGE FOR, 1. Republicans agreed to withdraw all federal troops from the South. 2. Appoint at least one Southerner to the Presidential Cabinet. 3. Grant federal funds for the improvement of the South.

Sharecropping System

Dominant agricultural model in the post-Civil War South. --Is a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e.g., 50% of the crop). --50% of the crops went to the landlord. --Forced to borrow for food or supplies. --Forced labor if in permanent debt --The Plantation system was replaced by the Sharecropping System.

Lincoln's Last Speech

Encouraged Northerners to accept Louisiana as a reconstructed state. *Stated right to vote for freed African American slaves should be granted for those "very intelligent" and "those who serve our cause as soldiers."

The gradual los of Radical Republican influence, combined with the attention of the Radical Republicans on other issues, such as Indian wars, western expansion, and corruption, diverted the attention, and when combined with the rise of the "Reedemers" to undo the changes, resulted in a loss of influence. In the Compromise of 1877, the Radical Republicans agreed to remove Northern armies. The result of all of this is the gradual loss of freedoms granted to African Americans. During Reconstruction, voting had boomed, whereas after the influence of the Radical Republicans waned, the Southern Democrats and Redeemers suppressing voting through literacy tests and poll taxes. The Southern Democrats also enforced Jim Crow Laws, which effectively took away the rights of freedman.

Evaluate the impact of waning northern resolve to implement change in the South on the gradual loss of rigthts for African Americans?

*Sharecropping system resulted in continued debt for freedmen. *No meaningful land reform or redistribution of land. *Southern landowners, by 1870, were fully permitted to vote and hold office.

Evaluate the importance of land ownership as a key to African American self-sufficiency and the continued political power of southern plantation owners (including sharecropping)?

The 13th, 14th, and 15th, Amendments promised freedom from slavery, the exercise of the right to vote, and due process and equal protection, but by the end of the Reconstruction Period, as a result of the Compromise of 1877 and Plessy v. Ferguson, there was voter suppression preventing voting, which betrayed the promise of the 15th Amendment, and in addition, created "separate but equal" facilities that betrayed the promise of the 14th Amendment.

Explain the impact of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments on the lives of African American?

Ku Klux Klan At of 1871

Federal response to end wave of violence by the KKK. --Made arrests (mostly pardoned), but a temporary fix.

13th Amendment

Formally abolished slavery and involuntary servitude

Horatio Seymour

Former Governor of New York

14th Amendment

Guaranteed citizenship to all males born in the U.S. regardless of race. *Equal protection under the law. *Nullified 3/5 Compromise.

Election of 1876/Compromise of 1877

Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests and end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election results. He took Union troops out of the South.

Reasons Why President Andrew Johnson Was Impeached

He was impeached on Constitutional grounds for "high crimes and misdemeanors." **He deliberately violated the Tenure of Office Act. **The House of Representatives impeached him. **He was aquitted in the Senate with one vote short.

Alexander Stephens

He was the vice-president of the Confederacy until 1865 when it was defeated and destroyed by the Union. Like the other leaders of the Confederacy, he was under indictment for treason.

Republicans in Congress rejected Andrew Johnson's leniency in allowing Southern States to have "Black Codes," and Radical Republicans were elected and took control of Reconstruction in 1866. Resulted in a dramatic course of change to make Reconstruction more aggressive: Reconstruction Act of 1867 dividing the South into five military districts, and outlined how governments were to be organized, required ratification of the 14th Amendment

How and why Republicans in Congress the control of Reconstruction?

In 1865, intially, President Andrew Johnson had modest requirements to join the Union. But Southern States passed Black Codes to restrict freedom and ensure perpetual availability. This led to the rise of the Radical Republicans who pushed a much more aggressive agenda to restore civil rights and made it more stringent to rejoin the Union. By 1870 all of the former Confederate States had been readmitted to the Union.

How and why did federal Reconstruction policies evolve between 1865 and 1870?

Lincoln offered: *Full pardon (except high-ranking officers of the Confederacy) *Loyalty pledge to Constitution *Restoration for the Union for 10% of the population who took a loyalty oath to the Constitution and the Union. Andrew Johnson: Amnesty to most Confederates who took a loyalty oath to the Union. States can rejoin Union when: convention repealed all secession laws; repudiated Confederate debts; and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment.

How did Presidents Lincoln and Johnson envision Reconstruction?

Redemption

Idea that White Democrats would "redeem" the land (the South) from the Radical Republicans.

Liberal Republicans

In 1872, Republican reformers, alarmed by the corruption and scandals in the Grant administration, organized this branch of the Republican Party and nominated Horace Greeley for president. They were laissez faire liberals who opposed legislation that benefited any particular group.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

10 percent plan

It was a reconstruction plan that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10 percent of voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step would be erection of a state gov. and then purified regime. (Lincoln)

President Andrew Johnson

Jacksonian Democrat White Supremacist Anti-Aristocrat Tennessee Senator (Democractic Party) Self-Made

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. --These were white Democratic party leaders because they "redeemed the land" from Republican rule. --Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. --Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. --Redeemer governments waged an agressive assault on African Americans. --The KKK started in 1866 as a Tennessee social club, and it spread throughout the South.

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws passed in the South that mandated racial segregation in public facilities.

Difference of Lincoln's 10 percent plan and the Plan of Andrew Johnson for Reconstruction

Lincoln offered: *Full pardon (except high-ranking officers of the Confederacy) *Loyalty pledge to Constitution *Restoration for the Union for 10% of the population who took a loyalty oath to the Constitution and the Union. Andrew Johnson: Amnesty to most Confederates who took a loyalty oath to the Union. States can rejoin Union when: convention repealed all secession laws; repudiated Confederate debts; and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment.

National Woman Suffrage Association

NWSA American organization, founded in New York City, that was created by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. An organization founded in 1890 to demand the vote for women

Andy Veto

Nickname Congress gave Andrew Johnson because he constantly vetoed their proposals. They called him Andy veto but they had 2/3 favor in congress to override his veto.

Thaddeus Stevens

One of the leaders of the Radical Republicans in Congress who championed a period of military rule in which African Americans would be free to exercise their civil rights, would be educated in schools run by the federal government, and would receive lands confiscated from the planter class.

Tenure of Office Act

Part of the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 in which the President could not remove any officials, especially Cabinet members, without the Senate's consent, if the position originally required Senate consent to the appointment. **This was designed to protect Radical Republican members of Lincoln's Government.

Command of the Army Act

Part of the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 which provided that the President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.

"Let 'Em Alone Policy"

Policy of the Rutherford B. Hayes Government to leave the South alone.

Legal Barriers to Voting Imposed During Post-Civil War Period For Voter Suppression

Poll Taxes Literacy Tests *Grandfather clauses exempted whites from these requirements. *Whites only primaries. Extralegal Means **KKK, White Leage, and Red Shirt terror against African Americans

Impact of Poll Taxes and Voting Suppression in the Reconstruction South

Poll Taxes and literacy tests resulted in the amount of African American votes decreasing. --By the early 1900's, African Americans had essentially lost the right to vote in the South.

"The queerest character that ever occupied the White House"

President Andrew Johnson

President Johnson's View on the Black Codes

President Andrew Johnson did not object to the Black Codes passed by Southern legislatures. He was opposed by the Radical Republicans in the Congress.

Andrew Johnson's Views on Racial Equality

President Andrew Johnson did not support racial equality, and he believed in white supremacy: "White men alone must manage the South." He stood aside as former rebels regained control of the South

Presidential Reconstruction

President Andrew Johnson's idea of reconstruction wherein a former confederate state could rejoin the Union once: *It had written a new state constitution *Repealed its act of secession *13,00 pardons *Ratified the 13th Amendment

"rule or ruin"

President Lincoln's message in his Cooper Union speech to the Southern Democrats who would insist on slavery continuing, that they either break up the Union or they be the ones ruling.

Ulysses S. Grant

President with no political experience, and was a War hero. --Defended industry and Reconstruction. "Let us have peace."

Causes of Wade Davis Bill

Reaction of the Republican Congress to President Lincoln's 10 percent plan, so this Bill proposed far more stringent requirements to re-enter the Union. *50 percent of voters needed to take a loyalty oath. *Lincoln refused to sign the Wade-Davis Bill

Successes of Radical Reconstruction

Republican legislators liberalized state constitutions by providing for universal male suffrage, property rights for women, debt relief, and modern penal codes. --established hospitals, asylums. --established school systems in South, which benefited whites and African Americans.

Election of 1876

Rutherford B. Hayes was elected President when the Democrats gave into Hayes only in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops.

Election Results of 1877

Samuel Tilden, Democratic Candidate, won the popular vote over Rutherford B. Hayes, the Republican. *outcome remained unclear because of disputed electoral votes from three Southern States.

Scalawags and Carpetbaggers

Scalawags: from the perspective of the South, referred to a group of white Republican Southerners who sympathized with the federal Reconstruction effort. Carpetbaggers: from the perspective of the South, White business people from the North who moved to the South during Reconstruction, 1867-1877

Edwin Stanton

Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln. ***President Andrew Johnson dismissed him in spite of the Tenure of Office Act (Part of Reconstruction Acts), and as a result, Congress wanted Johnson's impeachment.

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

Set up to help freedmen and white refugees after Civil War. Provided food, clothing, medical care, and education. First to establish schools for African-Americans to learn to read as thousands of teachers from the north came south to help. Lasted from 1865-72. Attacked by KKK and other southerners as "carpetbaggers" Encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged freed African Americans to gain employment, kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, etc

Johnson's Reconstruction Policy

Similar to Lincoln but provided for disenfranchisement of (1) all former leaders and office holders of the Confederacy; and (2) Confederates with more than $20,000 in taxable property. But he had an escape clause to grant pardons to "disloyal Southerners", and he made frequent use of it.

Failures of Radical Reconstruction

Southerners believed that Northerners who ruled during Reconstruction in the South were wasteful and corrupt. --Republican politicians used power to accept kickbacks and bribes from contractors who did business with the State. --There was a general decline in ethics in government.

The 1883 Civil Rights Cases

Supreme Court ruled that the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment only applied to state action and could not be used to regulate the behavior of private individuals or private organizations. --weakened the 14th Amendment.

Patronage

System of distributing political offer or favors to those who supported a candidate.

Crop Lien System

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

"Negro Rule"

Term used by KKK and white supremacists against rise of Black Populism (farmers, sharecroppers, and agrarian laborers using civil rights to combat Jim Crow Laws). Physical intimidation, violence, and assassination was used to crush the Black Populism.

Sponsors of the Wade-Davis Bill

Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner

Desegregation

The ending of authorized segregation, or separation by race.

Hiram Revels

The first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress.

Radical Reconstruction

The period during which Radical Republicans ruled the South. *Radical underscores the Republicans attempt to transform the South by extending civil and political equality to African Americans.

Bayonet Rule

The use of federal troops to support Reconstruction government. Southerners protested this.

15th Amendment

This amendment forbade the federal government or the States from denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. --To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president.

Grantism

Ulysses S. Grant's style: ineffectual, clumsy, inept, drunk. **Known for spoils system and political scandal.

Oliver Howard

Union general who headed the Freedmen's Bureau

Black Barbarism

Used by white supremacists, KKK, to justify Black Codes to deter African Americans from using civil rights.

Freedom, ability to exercise all freedoms and civil rights. The reality was that although the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, and the Civil Rights Acts helped to grant some of these rights, the South, as a result of the Compromise of 1877, and earlier, was permitted to enact Jim Crow Laws and practice voter suppression that effectively discontinued any rights that freedmen had gained. In addition, economically bound by the system of sharecropping because there was no effective distribution of land.

What did African Americans expect after the Civil War? What were the realities that they encountered during Reconstruction?

1. Violent response from KKK and other white supremacists groups to new civil rights of freedman. 2. South imposed Jim Crow Laws to restrict civil rights.

What was the Southern response to Reconstruction?

Successes: building of schools to educate freedman; Reconstruction Amendments give the promise of exercise of civil rights. Failures: promise of civil rights to freedman, but ultimately giving up control of those to Southern Democrats who pass Jim Crow Laws and suppress voting. Large amount of corruption in the administration of the South, as well as elsewhere.

What were the successes and failures of Reconstruction?

Political Crisis in 1877 emerged because there was no clear winner of the election of Samuel Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes. The Compromise of 1877 resulted in Rutherford B. Hayes being awarded the U.S. Presidency in exchange for promises that favored the South and resulted in the end of Reconstruction. The promises: (1) remove federal troops from the South. (2) the appointment of one cabinet official to the Administration who was from the South. (3) The construction of a transcontinental railroad using the Texas and Pacific in the South. (4) legislation to help industrialize the South. (5) the right to deal with African Americans without Northern Interference.

Why did a political crisis emerge in 1877? How did it shape Reconstruction?

Impact of Fifteenth Amendment on Women

Women's movement was outraged when the Fifteenth Amendment gave the right to vote based on color, race, or prior condition of servitude, but not on the basis of gender.

Reconstruction

Years following the Civil War when Americans attempted to reunite the nation from 1865-1877.

Thirteenth Amendment

abolished slavery