Chapter 15 (section 5,6,7,8,9,11)

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Extremely stressful or traumatic events, such as combat, natural disasters, and terrorist attacks, place the people who experience them at an increased risk for developing psychological disorders

orbitofrontal cortex

A brain region that is believed to play a critical role in OCD

Depressive disorders

a group of disorders in which depression is the main feature

Bipolar and related disorders

a group of disorders in which mania is the defining feature

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

a group of overlapping disorders that generally involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

flight of ideas

abruptly switching from one topic to another

seasonal pattern

applies to situations in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year (e.g., fall or winter)

peripartum onset

applies to women who experience major depression during pregnancy or in the four weeks following the birth of their child

Delusions

are beliefs that are contrary to reality and are firmly held even in the face of contradictory evidence

grandiose delusions

beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important

hoarding disorder

cannot bear to part with personal possessions, regardless of how valueless or useless these possessions are

Mood disorders

characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions—most often depression, but also mania and elation

autism spectrum disorder

childhood disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests

major depressive disorder

depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities

Disorganized thinking

disjointed and incoherent thought processes—usually detected by what a person says

manic episode

distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy lasting at least one week

persistent depressive disorder

experience depressed moods most of the day nearly every day for at least two years

obsessive-compulsive disorder

experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted (obsessions) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions)

Example of Mania

extremely talkative, behave recklessly, or attempt to take on many tasks simultaneously.

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

hildhood disorder characterized by inattentiveness and/or hyperactive, impulsive behavior

Schizophrenia

is a devastating psychological disorder that is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior

hallucination

is a perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation.

Mania

is a state of extreme elation and agitation

body dysmorphic disorder

is preoccupied with a perceived flaw in her physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people

Rumination

is the repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on depressed symptoms

bipolar disorder (manic depression)

often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

neurodevelopmental disorders

one of the disorders that are first diagnosed in childhood and involve developmental problems in academic, intellectual, social functioning

prodromal symptoms

paranoia, odd communication, delusions, problems at school or work, and a decline in social functionin

hopelessness theory

postulates that a particular style of negative thinking leads to a sense of hopelessness, which then leads to depression

Negative symptoms

reflect noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives

suicidal ideation

thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), thinking about or planning suicide, or making an actual suicide attempt.

Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior

unusual behaviors and movements: becoming unusually active, exhibiting silly child-like behaviors

paranoid delusions

which involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.

somatic delusion

which is the belief that something highly abnormal is happening to one's body (e.g., that one's kidneys are being eaten by cockroaches).

catatonic behaviors

which show decreased reactivity to the environment (bizarre posture for long periods of time)