Chapter 15 (section 5,6,7,8,9,11)
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Extremely stressful or traumatic events, such as combat, natural disasters, and terrorist attacks, place the people who experience them at an increased risk for developing psychological disorders
orbitofrontal cortex
A brain region that is believed to play a critical role in OCD
Depressive disorders
a group of disorders in which depression is the main feature
Bipolar and related disorders
a group of disorders in which mania is the defining feature
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
a group of overlapping disorders that generally involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.
flight of ideas
abruptly switching from one topic to another
seasonal pattern
applies to situations in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year (e.g., fall or winter)
peripartum onset
applies to women who experience major depression during pregnancy or in the four weeks following the birth of their child
Delusions
are beliefs that are contrary to reality and are firmly held even in the face of contradictory evidence
grandiose delusions
beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important
hoarding disorder
cannot bear to part with personal possessions, regardless of how valueless or useless these possessions are
Mood disorders
characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions—most often depression, but also mania and elation
autism spectrum disorder
childhood disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests
major depressive disorder
depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities
Disorganized thinking
disjointed and incoherent thought processes—usually detected by what a person says
manic episode
distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy lasting at least one week
persistent depressive disorder
experience depressed moods most of the day nearly every day for at least two years
obsessive-compulsive disorder
experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted (obsessions) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions)
Example of Mania
extremely talkative, behave recklessly, or attempt to take on many tasks simultaneously.
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
hildhood disorder characterized by inattentiveness and/or hyperactive, impulsive behavior
Schizophrenia
is a devastating psychological disorder that is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior
hallucination
is a perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation.
Mania
is a state of extreme elation and agitation
body dysmorphic disorder
is preoccupied with a perceived flaw in her physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people
Rumination
is the repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on depressed symptoms
bipolar disorder (manic depression)
often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
neurodevelopmental disorders
one of the disorders that are first diagnosed in childhood and involve developmental problems in academic, intellectual, social functioning
prodromal symptoms
paranoia, odd communication, delusions, problems at school or work, and a decline in social functionin
hopelessness theory
postulates that a particular style of negative thinking leads to a sense of hopelessness, which then leads to depression
Negative symptoms
reflect noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives
suicidal ideation
thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), thinking about or planning suicide, or making an actual suicide attempt.
Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
unusual behaviors and movements: becoming unusually active, exhibiting silly child-like behaviors
paranoid delusions
which involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.
somatic delusion
which is the belief that something highly abnormal is happening to one's body (e.g., that one's kidneys are being eaten by cockroaches).
catatonic behaviors
which show decreased reactivity to the environment (bizarre posture for long periods of time)