Chapter 15 Smartbook Review - Exam 5
Not all friendships are positive. Which of the following would NOT be a positive friendship trait?
Coercion
Jack and Jill enjoy spending time together after school. What function of friendship does this serve?
Companionship
What do children receive from peers that they usually do not receive from siblings?
Comparison to others same age
When immigrant parents and children are at different stages of acculturation, which of the following often results?
Conflicts over cultural values
______ play occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution.
Constructive
______________ play combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation.
Constructive
What type of thought did Vygotsky believe symbolic and make-believe play helped to advance?
Creative
______ refers to the pleasant times when individuals pursue activities of their own choosing.
Leisure
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of culture?
Total acceptance of cultural values across the lifespan
True or false: When children interact aggressively with peers, they are at risk for delinquency and dropping out of school.
True
Madeleine is about equally liked and disliked by the children in her class, receiving a typical (i.e., not unusual) number of both positive and negative nominations when her peers are asked. In terms of peer status, she is best described as
an average child.
Trisha's small group of friends does almost everything together. This is her:
clique.
Peer interaction is influenced by ______, which can mean the type of peer, the situation or location, and the culture.
context
Which peer status includes children who are frequently nominated as someone's best friend and as being disliked?
controversial
Due to the effects that imaginary play has on cognitive development, Vygotsky believed that parents should ______ it.
encourage
Immigration contributes to the increase of ______ minorities in the United States.
ethnic
The tendency to consider one's own group superior to other groups is referred to as:
ethnocentrism.
All of the following are contexts that influence peer interaction EXCEPT the:
individual's cognitive thought processes about peers.
The rates of suicide, drug abuse, crime, and divorce are more prominent in a(n) ______ culture.
individualistic
Cultures that value self-actualization, self-awareness, self-efficacy, and the like are labeled:
individualistic.
________ and toddlers learn much more with direct experiences with people than with media; however, early childhood children can learn from media with educational material.
infants
Sensorimotor play is best defined as behavior engaged in by:
infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemas.
The adult male pattern of friendship often involves ______ while sharing useful information.
keeping one's distance
Hobbies, sports, and reading are all examples of
leisure.
Compared with those who never took vacations, men who went on annual vacations were ______ to die during the period of a 9-year study.
less likely
A major trend in technology is the dramatic rise is in ______, in which individuals use two or more media concurrently, such as text messaging while listening to music on a phone.
media multitasking
With regard to gender differences, ______ to negatively stereotype older adults.
men are more likely than women
Adult female friendships tend to be ______ than adult male friendships.
more intimate
Adolescents are ______ younger children to disclose intimate and personal information to their friends.
more likely than
Young preschool children are ______ older children to have friends of different genders and ethnicities.
more likely than
One individual difference factor that has been found to impair peer relations is the trait of:
negative emotionality.
In terms of peer status, a(n) child is not actively disliked but receives few nominations of any kind and is seldom chosen as a best friend.
neglected
Which peer status best describes Connie, who is shy and has low interaction with her classmates, but is not disliked?
neglected
Which of the following choices by a parent most influences a child's peer choices?
neighborhood
Critics of the concept of individualistic and collectivistic cultures argue that in many families:
neither individualistic nor collectivistic values are uniformly endorsed.
_____ therapy allows children to work off frustrations and to analyze conflicts and learn how to cope better.
play
In terms of peer status, the ______ child has social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, and maintains lines of communication with others.
popular
In terms of peer status, the _________ child is frequently nominated as a best friend and is rarely disliked by peers.
popular
Running, jumping, sliding, and throwing balls are examples of:
practice play.
Many experts on play consider the ______ years the "golden age" of symbolic/pretense play.
preschool
Social play increases dramatically during the ______ years.
preschool
In terms of peer status, _________ children are seldom nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
rejected
Which of the following is NOT a factor in the ways cliques form?
reputation
Friendship in childhood is typically characterized by:
similarity.
Higher levels of _______ integration are linked with lower risk of depression in older adults.
social
_______ play involves interactions with peers.
social
Besides aggressive television shows, violent ______ _____ have also been correlated with aggression in children.
video games
According to a 2009 study, the largest increase in media use between childhood and early adolescence is due to:
video games and TV.
Researchers estimate that the percentage of time spent in social interaction with peers increases from approximately ______ percent at 2 years of age to more than ______ percent in middle to late childhood.
10; 30
In terms of developmental changes in peer interaction, children's preference for same-sex peer groups increases until the age of:
12.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children under _ years of age not watch TV.
2
Around the age of ______, children prefer to spend time with same-sex playmates.
3
According to a 2009 study, the time spent per day using media jumps by ______ in early adolescence.
3 hours
A common problem in cross-gender friendship is
differing expectations.
Social participation by older adults is often ______ because of ageism.
discouraged
The concept of culture is broad. Select all of the following that may be included in the concept of culture.
- Culture is made of ideals and values. - Culture is made of assumptions about life that guide people's behavior.
Adults who do not take annual vacations are at a greater risk for which of the following? (Select all that apply)
- Death - Death from coronary heart disease
Which of the following are outcomes of social support for older adults?
- Decreased likelihood of being institutionalized - Lower incidence of depression
Which of the following are some of the negative influences that television viewing has on children?
- Distracting them from homework - Promoting passive learning - Teaching stereotypes and unrealistic world views
The best types of educational apps for young children have which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply)
- Engagement - Meaningfulness - Active involvement - Social interaction
When children are involved with peer interaction they tend to learn which of the following traits? (Select all that apply)
- Fairness - Justice - Reciprocity
Which of the following are a negative result of screen time on children? (Select all that apply)
- Higher rate of aggression - Decreased physical activity - Decreased play time
Media multitasking has been linked to which of the following? (Select all that apply)
- Lower levels of school achievement - Higher rates of obesity - Increased depression
Which of the following are a positive influence of parental monitoring of screen time on children? (Select all that apply.)
- More sleep - Better school performance - Prosocial behavior
Which five peer status groups have been identified by researchers measuring sociometric popularity?
- Neglected - Average - Popular - Rejected - Controversial
Adolescents indicate peer friendships provide them with which of the following? (Select all that apply)
- Reassurance of worth - Intimacy - Companionship
Carlos and Rosa have recently immigrated with their family to the United States from Guatemala. Please identify all barriers they may encounter.
- Separation from social networks - Changes in their socioeconomic status - Language issues
What are the features of cliques? (Select all that apply)
- They average five to six individuals. - Members are usually of the same sex. - Members are usually of the same age.
The benefits of social support include which of the following?
- an improved ability to meet one's own health-care needs - a reduction in symptoms of diseases - improved mental health
Intimacy in friendships is characterized by which two of the following?
- sharing of private thoughts - self-disclosure
In which three of the following ways do parents most affect their children's peer relations?
- through the opportunities that they provide their children - through interactions with their children - by how they manage their children's lives
______ study compares aspects of two or more cultures and provides information about the degree to which development is similar or universal across cultures—or is instead culture specific.
Cross-cultural
__ is defined as behavior patterns and beliefs passed on from one generation to another.
Culture
__, which includes the behavior and beliefs of a group of people, results from the interaction between people and their environment over many years.
Culture
Marcus is about to retire. He has stopped following the news and spends less time with friends. This is an example of which social theory of aging?
Disengagement theory
Which of the social theories of aging has a more negative view of aging?
Disengagement theory
Which of the following is universal among cultures?
Ethnocentrism
True or false: There is no benefit to educational apps, and they should not be purchased for children.
False
True or false: There is one type of play—social play.
False
Play allows children to work off frustrations and analyze their conflicts and coping mechanisms in a nonthreatening environment. This idea most closely aligns with ______ views of play.
Freud and Erikson's
Which of the following is the LEAST likely to pose an increased risk for depression during childhood?
Impulsiveness
A shy person is more likely than a gregarious individual to be neglected by peers. This best describes of the effect of what on peer relations?
Individual differences
Which statement best describes the impact that television has on children?
It can have a negative and positive impact on children's behavior.
Which of the following is more common among minority groups than among non-Latino Whites?
Large and extended families
According to Piaget, what allows children to practice their competencies and acquired skills in a relaxed, pleasurable way?
Play
______ play involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.
Practice
At what stage do children begin to participate in games involving simple rules of reciprocity and turn-taking?
Preschool
______ play involves children using one object to stand in for another object, such as using a block as if it is a walkie-talkie.
Pretense/symbolic
Which of the following is true about ethnic minority adolescents in the United States?
They handle their challenges and stresses far better than was previously thought.
Aiden has not been well accepted by his peers since kindergarten. In fact, he has no friends at all, and some children say they dislike him. In terms of peer status, Aiden is
a rejected child.
People in all cultures do all of the following EXCEPT:
accepting other cultural groups.
The process by which different ethnic groups coexist in the same society by adapting to the majority culture is called
acculturation.
According to Freud and Erikson, play helps the child master:
anxieties and conflicts.
As compared to nonimmigrant adolescents, adolescents from immigrant families
assume higher levels of responsibility.
There is nothing particularly unusual about Ramon. He gets along pretty well with most of his classmates; he is liked and disliked by an equal number of peers. In terms of peer status, Ramon can be described as a(n) child.
average
Critics of the concept of individualistic and collectivistic cultures argue that the terms are too:
broad.
A comparison of the value placed on academics in the United States and in China is an example of:
cross-cultural study.
______ are activities that children engage in for pleasure and that have rules. Often they involve competition.
games
Experts are increasingly concerned about children who play violent video games, especially games that are:
highly realistic.
Developmentalists have distinguished five _____ statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial.
peer
A pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake is referred to as _____.
play
According to Piaget, ______ provides the perfect setting to exercise cognitive structures.
play
Sensorimotor _____ is defined as behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas.
play
Special problems of ______ immigrant families are lack of available services, low wages, and lack of benefits.
undocumented
